1,721,097 research outputs found
Confirmatory factor analysis of the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale–short form (BIS–15) in patients with mental disorders
No full textMeasuring approach–avoidance tendencies towards food with touchscreen‑based arm movements
No full textMost tasks for measuring automatic approach–avoidance tendencies do not resemble naturalistic approach–avoidance behaviors.
Therefore, we developed a paradigm for the assessment of approach–avoidance tendencies towards palatable food,
which is based on arm and hand movements on a touchscreen, thereby mimicking real-life grasping or warding movements.
In Study 1 (n = 85), an approach bias towards chocolate-containing foods was found when participants reached towards the
stimuli, but not when these stimuli had to be moved on the touchscreen. This approach bias towards food observed in grab
movements was replicated in Study 2 (n = 60) and Study 3 (n = 94). Adding task features to disambiguate distance change
through either corresponding image zooming (Study 2) or emphasized self-reference (Study 3) did not moderate this effect.
Associations between approach bias scores and trait and state chocolate craving were inconsistent across studies. Future
studies need to examine whether touchscreen-based approach–avoidance tasks reveal biases towards other stimuli in the
appetitive or aversive valence domain and relate to relevant interindividual difference variables
Effects of Childhood Emotional Abuse on Treatment Outcome in Adolescent Inpatients With Anorexia Nervosa
No full textObjective: Although childhood maltreatment, especially emotional abuse, is strongly linked to the psychopathology of anorexia nervosa (AN), the impact of such a traumatic experience on treatment outcome is not clear. This study aimed to explore how emotional abuse affects change in psychopathology during treatment. Method: Adolescents with AN (n = 331) completed the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire at admission to inpatient treatment and the Eating Disorder Inventory-2, Patient Health Questionnaire-9, Patient Health Questionnaire-15, and Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 both at admission and at discharge. Relationships of emotional abuse with body mass index (BMI) and questionnaire scores at admission and at discharge were examined with percentage bend correlation coefficients. Changes in BMI and questionnaire scores from admission to discharge and whether these changes were moderated by emotional abuse were tested with robust mixed models. Results: Higher emotional abuse scores related to higher eating disorder, depressive, anxiety, and somatic symptoms but not to BMI at admission and at discharge. BMI increased and eating disorder, depressive, anxiety, and somatic symptoms decreased from admission to discharge but these changes were not moderated by emotional abuse scores. Discussion: Emotional abuse did not affect treatment response during hospitalization for AN, but it was associated with heightened eating and general psychological symptom severity at both hospital admission and discharge. Clinicians are advised to investigate a history of emotional abuse in adolescents with AN and to consider emotional abuse not as a predictor of treatment resistance, but as a psychological scar that persists regardless of symptom severity
Pathways between Child Maltreatment, Psychological Symptoms, and Life Satisfaction: A Network Analysis in Adolescent Inpatients
No full textChild maltreatment is a risk factor for mental disorders and decreased life satisfaction during adolescence. We investigated whether child maltreatment would link to life satisfaction both directly and through psychological symptoms, whether these relations would change from admission to discharge after treatment, and which types of maltreatment, symptoms and facets of life satisfaction would be most influential in adolescent inpatients with internalizing mental disorders. N = 896 adolescent receiving inpatient psychotherapeutic treatment completed questionnaires on child maltreatment experiences, current psychopathology and subjective life satisfaction at admission and discharge (n = 765). Main diagnoses were affective (n = 322), eating (n = 447), obsessive-compulsive (n = 70) and anxiety disorders (n = 57). Network models of child maltreatment, psychopathology and life satisfaction nodes were estimated at admission and discharge and compared using network comparison tests. Potential causal shortest pathways were investigated using directed acyclic graphs.Network models were stable with no significant differences between admission and discharge. Strongest nodes of each cluster were "emotional abuse" (child maltreatment), "worthlessness", "thinking about dying" and "feeling lonely" (psychopathology) and "satisfied with life" (life satisfaction) at both admission and discharge. Emotional neglect showed direct connections to life satisfaction, indicating its relevance for therapeutic interventions. At both admission and discharge, "sexual abuse" indirectly predicted lower life satisfaction through psychological symptoms. In conclusion, child maltreatment is directly and indirectly connected to life satisfaction in adolescents with mental disorders. Emotional abuse and neglect were especially important in linking child maltreatment to life satisfaction and psychopathology
Prevalence of ‘Food Addiction' as Measured with the Yale Food Addiction Scale 2.0 in a Representative German Sample and Its Association with Sex, Age and Weight Categories
No full textBackground/Aims: To assess the prevalence and correlates of addictive-like eating behavior in Germany. Methods: The German version of the Yale Food Addiction Scale (YFAS) 2.0 was used to investigate, for the first time, the prevalence of ‘food addiction' in a representative sample aged 18-65 years (N = 1,034). Results: The prevalence of ‘food addiction' measured by the YFAS 2.0 was 7.9%. Individuals meeting criteria for ‘food addiction' had higher BMI and were younger than individuals not meeting the threshold. Underweight (15.0%) and obese (17.2%) individuals exhibited the highest prevalence rate of ‘food addiction'. Addictive-like eating was not associated with sex, education level, or place of residence. Conclusion: YFAS 2.0 ‘food addiction' was met by nearly 8% of the population. There is a non-linear relationship between addictive-like eating and BMI, with the highest prevalence among underweight and obese persons. These findings suggest that ‘food addiction' may be a contributor to overeating but may also reflect a distinct phenotype of problematic eating behavior not synonymous with obesity. Further, the elevated prevalence of YFAS 2.0 ‘food addiction' among underweight individuals may reflect an overlap with eating disorders and warrants attention in future research
The effect of beliefs about alcohol's acute effects on alcohol priming and alcohol-induced impairments of inhibitory control.
Full text linkAcute alcohol administration can lead to a loss of control over drinking. Several models argue that this ‘alcohol priming effect’ is mediated by the effect of alcohol on inhibitory control. Alternatively, beliefs about how alcohol affects behavioural regulation may also underlie alcohol priming and alcohol-induced inhibitory impairments. Here two studies examine the extent to which the alcohol priming effect and inhibitory impairments are moderated by beliefs regarding the effects of alcohol on the ability to control behaviour. In study 1, following a priming drink (placebo or .5g/kg of alcohol), participants were provided with bogus feedback regarding their performance on a measure of inhibitory control (stop-signal task; SST) suggesting that they had high or average self-control. However, the bogus feedback manipulation was not successful. In study 2, before a SST, participants were exposed to a neutral or experimental message suggesting acute doses of alcohol reduce the urge to drink and consumed a priming drink and this manipulation was successful. In both studies craving was assessed throughout and a bogus taste test which measured ad libitum drinking was completed. Results suggest no effect of beliefs on craving or ad lib consumption within either study. However, within study 2, participants exposed to the experimental message displayed evidence of alcohol-induced impairments of inhibitory control, while those exposed to the neutral message did not. These findings do not suggest beliefs about the effects of alcohol moderate the alcohol priming effect but do suggest beliefs may, in part, underlie the effect of alcohol on inhibitory control
Pathways between childhood maltreatment and life satisfaction in adolescents with eating disorders: A network analysis
No full textObjectiveThis study explored the association between Childhood maltreatment (CM) experiences and life satisfaction in adolescents with eating disorders (EDs). MethodsAdolescent inpatients with EDs completed the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire, the Satisfaction With Life Scale, the Brief Symptom Inventory and the Eating Disorder Inventory-2 at admission (n = 361) and discharge (n = 354). A network analysis was conducted to identify the shortest pathways between different types of CM and life satisfaction at admission and discharge. ResultsGeneral psychopathology, life satisfaction, and ED symptoms improved from admission to discharge. At admission, emotional abuse and emotional neglect were included in the pathway between sexual/physical abuse and life satisfaction. Emotional neglect was directly connected with life satisfaction while emotional abuse was connected through feeling disliked by others, feelings of inferiority and worthlessness. At discharge, only the direct negative connection between emotional neglect and perception of excellent conditions in the life persisted. ConclusionsEmotional maltreatment experiences and general psychopathology, but not disordered eating symptoms, are involved in the association between sexual/physical CM and life satisfaction in adolescents with EDs. Emotional neglect may affect life satisfaction regardless of symptoms severity. These findings inform clinicians for assessment and treatment of maltreated adolescents with EDs
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