131,107 research outputs found
L’emergere delle espressioni facciali di emozione: il caso del sorriso
No full textIntroduzione
Alcuni dati recenti, grazie all’utilizzo delle metodologie per la codifica del comportamento facciale,
hanno mostrato la complessità delle prime manifestazioni del sorriso ampliando e approfondendo
alcuni studi classici condotti negli anni sessanta, e fornendo nuove informazioni essenziali circa la
traiettoria evolutiva di questa espressione (Dondi, Messinger, Colle, Tabasso, Fogel, & Simion,
submitted; Fogel, Nelson-Goens, & Hsu, 2000; Messinger, Dondi, Nelson-Goens, Beghi, Fogel, &
Simion, 2002; Messinger, Fogel, & Dickson, 1999, 2001).
Dal confronto puntuale tra i dati pubblicati negli anni sessanta (Emde & Koenig, 1969a, 1969b;
Korner, 1969; Wolff, 1959, 1963, 1966) e quelli più recenti (Messinger et al., 2002; Dondi et al.,
submitted), emerge in modo interessante che la probabilità di comparsa del sorriso endogeno o
neonatale rilevata nel passato era circa il 50% in meno di quella indicata negli ultimi anni in
letteratura, e che la durata media risultava circa due volte maggiore rispetto agli ultimi studi
condotti.
Sembra scontato ipotizzare che queste differenze possano derivare da ragioni di ordine
metodologico: oggi il volto viene videoripreso in primo piano e vengono utilizzate metodologie
costruite su base anatomica per descriverne l’attività, nel passato, invece, la rilevazione del sorriso
veniva compiuta sul campo utilizzando griglie osservative carta e matita. Nonostante la plausibilità
di tale ipotesi, queste differenze quantitative potrebbero indicare anche la presenza di contrazioni
molto rapide dello zygomaticus major (il muscolo responsabile dell’innalzamento degli angoli
esterni delle labbra e della configurazione che riconosciamo come sorriso) riconoscibili ad un
analisi fotogramma per fotogramma ma pressoché invisibili in tempo reale. Tale attività di basso
livello (rapida e di scarsa intensità) non è mai stata descritta in letteratura per quanto riguarda le
prime fasi dello sviluppo e potrebbe apparire analoga al fenomeno delle micro-espressioni osservate
negli adulti (Ekman, 2003).
Con l’obiettivo di approfondire questa possibilità, abbiamo sottoposto lo stesso materiale video
relativo a neonati di poche ore a un gruppo di giudici esperti e a un gruppo di giudici ingenui.
Entrambi i gruppi avevano il compito di identificare il sorriso sul volto del neonato. Allo scopo poi
di indagare se e come questa eventuale attività di basso livello si distribuisce all’interno degli stati
comportamentali, le videoriprese dei neonati sono state effettuate sia durante gli stati di veglia sia
durante gli stati di sonno.
Metodo
Tutte le azioni facciali che secondo il Baby FACS (Oster, in corso di stampa) specificano il sorriso
(AU12; sorriso semplice e AU12 + AU6, sorriso di Duchenne), manifestate da 32 neonati
videoripresi in quattro diversi stati comportamentali, veglia, sonno attivo, sonno calmo, sonnolenza
(per un totale di 192 minuti), sono state codificate da tre giudici esperti nell’uso del Baby FACS.
Successivamente, le stesse videoriprese sono state sottoposte ad un gruppo di giudici ingenui (N =
48) a cui era stato affidato il compito di identificare, premendo un tasto del mouse, tutti i sorrisi
manifestati dai bambini.
Risultati
Il confronto tra le azioni facciali rilevate dai codificatori esperti e i sorrisi rilevati dai giudici
ingenui ha messo in evidenza l’effettiva presenza di una attività motoria di basso livello a carico del
muscolo zigomatico maggiore. Tale attività, piuttosto frequente e che interessava tutti gli stati
comportamentali indagati, è stata rilevata dai codificatori esperti ma non è stata riconosciuta come
sorriso dai giudici ingenui. Accanto a questo risultato è emerso che i sorrisi di Duchenne, rilevati sia
dai giudici esperti sia dai giudici ingenui, tendevano ad apparire più frequentemente e mostravano
una durata significativamente maggiore durante la fase di sonno attivo (sonno REM) rispetto agli
altri stati. Presi complessivamente questi risultati sembrano specificare in modo più preciso, rispetto
ai dati disponibili in letteratura, le condizioni iniziali che caratterizzano l’emergere del sorriso e si
pongono come utile riferimento per l’approfondimento, nel corso delle primissime fasi dello
sviluppo, di altre configurazioni espressive di natura emozionale
Assessment of classifcal and extended Messinger models for modeling rotorcraft icing phenomena
No full textNumerical studies have been performed to systematically assess the difference between the classical and extended Messinger model for ice accretion. A number of 2-D steady airfoil, 2-D oscillating airfoil, and 3-D rotor configurations have been studied from the ice accretion perspective. A suite of tools including a grid generator, flow solver, droplet convection model solver and an ice accretion modeling tool have been developed and coupled to each other using open I/O standards (PLOT3D format). The ice accretion is modeled using a classical Messinger model available within NASA LEWICE3D solver, and compared with an extended methodology developed in-house. Numerical results are presented and compared with experimental data for a variety of geometries of interest to rotorcraft industry
SPIE Proceedings Vol. 8538 Earth Resources and Environmental Remote Sensing/GIS Applications III
No full textThese proceedings contain 53 papers that were presented at the SPIE Conference “Earth Resources and Environmental Remote Sensing/GIS Applications” (Conference 8538A) formerly known under the title ‘Remote Sensing for Environmental Monitoring, GIS Applications, and Geology’. The Conference took place in Edinburgh, United Kingdom from 24 September to 27 September 2012. It was the twelfth Conference with this topic after its inauguration in Toulouse, France, in 2001.
The Conference sessions with presented papers and interactive posters were grouped into the following themes: Processing Methodologies, Hazard Mitigation Geologic Application, Processing Methodologies, Infrastructures and Urban Areas and Environmental Monitoring.
Lively discussions often continued into the coffee breaks. Although the session topics seemed rather diverse, there was a common thread to many papers, i.e., application of remotely sensed data for the protection of our environment and Change Detection. There was strong support from the audience to continue these themes for future conferences.
The paper submission and review process were again perfectly organized by the SPIE staff. We like to thank the SPIE staff on-site for their responsiveness and support. We are also grateful to our Program Committee for their help in the reviewing and session compilation process
MeSH term explosion and author rank improve expert recommendations
No full textInformation overload is an often-cited phenomenon that reduces the productivity, efficiency and efficacy of scientists. One challenge for scientists is to find appropriate collaborators in their research. The literature describes various solutions to the problem of expertise location, but most current approaches do not appear to be very suitable for expert recommendations in biomedical research. In this study, we present the development and initial evaluation of a vector space model-based algorithm to calculate researcher similarity using four inputs: 1) MeSH terms of publications; 2) MeSH terms and author rank; 3) exploded MeSH terms; and 4) exploded MeSH terms and author rank. We developed and evaluated the algorithm using a data set of 17,525 authors and their 22,542 papers. On average, our algorithms correctly predicted 2.5 of the top 5/10 coauthors of individual scientists. Exploded MeSH and author rank outperformed all other algorithms in accuracy, followed closely by MeSH and author rank. Our results show that the accuracy of MeSH term-based matching can be enhanced with other metadata such as author rank
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
No full textThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Clean the Graph Before You Draw It!
No full textInternational audienceWe prove a relationship between the Cleaning problem and the Balanced Vertex-Ordering problem, namely that the minimum total imbalance of a graph equals twice the brush number of a graph. This equality has consequences for both problems. On one hand, it allows us to prove the View the NP-completeness of the Cleaning problem, which was conjectured by Messinger et al. [M.-E. Messinger, R.J. Nowakowski, P. Prałat, Cleaning a network with brushes, Theoret. Comput. Sci. 399 (2008) 191-205]. On the other hand, it also enables us to design a faster algorithm for the Balanced Vertex-Ordering problem [J. Kára, K. Kratochvíl, D. Wood, On the complexity of the balanced vertex ordering problem, Discrete Math. Theor. Comput. Sci. 9 (1) (2007) 193-202]
"Closing the R&D Gap, Evaluating the Sources of R&D Spending"
No full textBoth spending and tax policies have been implemented in the United States with the goal of stimulating private sector research and development (R&D). Karier questions whether current R&D policy, especially the research and experimentation tax credit, can contribute to closing the gap between nondefense expenditures on R&D in the United States and such expenditures in other countries, such as Japan and Germany. He also explores possible changes to our current R&D policy to make it more effective.
Smiling in infancy
No full textIn this chapter, we focus on understanding what different types of smiling
mean and the way they are coordinated into communicative messages before the
development of speech. We begin with a brief developmental overview of
2
smiling in infancy, and explore its ramifications for the meaning of smiles in
general. This is followed by a discussion of the meaning of different types of
infant smiles and their similarities and differences from adult smiles. Finally, we
explore how smiles are coordinated with other expressive behaviors in early
interaction and the insight this provides into joyful emotional processes
Intensive Cultural Resources Survey of the Messinger Tract, Austin, Travis County, Texas
No full textHorizon Environmental Services, Inc. (Horizon) was selected by MileStone Community Builders, LLC (MileStone) to conduct a cultural resources inventory and assessment of potential US Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) jurisdictional areas within a 11.0-hectare (27.2-acre) proposed development tract in southern Austin, Travis County, Texas. The tract is located a short distance south of West Slaughter Lane and is bounded on the east by David Moore Drive, on the west by Bilbook Place, and on the north by the southern end of Swansons Ranch Road. A large homestead complex is located in the eastern and southern portions of the tract. An unnamed tributary or Slaughter Creek flows southward through the eastern portion of the tract. The proposed undertaking is located on private property and would be privately funded. However, the developer has proposed impacts to the unnamed tributary of Slaughter Creek that flows through the eastern portion of the property. This water feature meets the criteria for designation as “waters of the US” (WOTUS). As such, construction activities that would impact this jurisdictional feature would be subject to federal permitting by the USACE, Fort Worth District, under Section 404 of the Clean Water Act (CWA). As this is a federal permit, the proposed construction activities within the USACE’s permit area would fall under the jurisdiction of Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act (NHPA) of 1966, as amended. The purpose of the cultural resources survey was to determine if any cultural resources are located within the Area of Potential Effect (APE). The Area of Potential Effect (APE) associated with USACE jurisdictional features typically consists of the water feature(s) and the associated uplands on opposing banks. This jurisdiction does not extend for a standardized distance in any direction; however, for purposes of the current cultural resources survey and in an attempt to assess the full extent of areas the USACE could determine to fall within their jurisdiction, Horizon utilized an APE extending approximately 182.9 3 meters (600.0 feet) from the defined edges of proposed impact areas along the jurisdictional stream and ponds. Utilizing this buffer, the archeological survey area included approximately 9.4 hectares (23.3 acres) of the 11.0-hectare (27.2-acre) tract (roughly 86% of the overall tract), though the permit area will ultimately be decided by the USACE. While typical profiles of the depth of ground disturbance are not available, subsurface impacts associated with foundation slab construction likely will extend a maximum of 0.8 meter (2.5 feet) below surface based on typical construction practices, though deeper impacts extending to a depth of 1.82meters (4.0 feet) may be expected in limited areas associated within installation of subsurface utilities. On June 1 and 2, 2020, Horizon archeologists Mckinzie Froese and Colene Knaub, under the overall direction of Jeffrey D. Owens, Principal Investigator, performed an intensive cultural resources survey of the APE to locate any cultural resources that potentially would be impacted by the proposed undertaking. Horizon’s archeologists traversed the archeological survey area on foot and thoroughly inspected the modern ground surface for aboriginal and historic-age cultural resources. The survey area is situated on limestone uplands dissected by a narrowly incised, unnamed tributary of Slaughter Creek and one or two additional, smaller gullies or drainages that feed into this channel. Vegetation across the majority of the project area consists of relatively open cedar, live oak, and hackberry forests with light understory of grasses and weeds, though vegetation along the stream channel was considerably thicker. The southeastern portion of the project area is the site of the Messinger family homestead (designated herein as archeological site 41TV2573), which is characterized primarily by short, manicured lawn grasses, though a few less-tended areas were more overgrown, and copses of live oak, cedar, and hackberry trees. Erosion has been extensive across the project area, and the project area is characterized by shallow soils and rocky limestone outcrops. Artificial disturbances resulting from landscaping activities associated with the Messinger homestead are extensive across the southern portion of the project area. Ground surface visibility was generally high (60 to 80%) in the more open wooded settings that characterize the northern portion of the project area and poor (\u3c20%) in the southern portion of the project area due to thick, grassy lawns in the Messinger homestead area and dense deciduous vegetation along the stream. In addition to pedestrian walkover, the Texas State Minimum Archeological Survey Standards (TSMASS) require a minimum of two shovel tests per 0.4 hectare (1.0 acre) for projects measuring 10.1 hectares (25.0 acres) or less in size plus one additional shovel test per 2.0 hectares (5.0 acres) beyond the first 10.1 hectares (25.0 acres). As such, a minimum of 47 shovel tests would be required within the 9.4-hectare (23.3-acre) archeological survey area. Horizon excavated a total of 64 shovel tests, thereby exceeding the TSMASS for a survey area of this size. Shovel testing typically revealed thin, surficial veneers of brown to grayish-brown silty loam to silty or loamy clay, often with a high limestone gravel content, overlying denser dark brown to dark grayish-brown marly clay sediments or limestone bedrock at depths ranging from 15.0 to 45.0 centimeters (5.9 to 17.7 inches) below surface, though the marly clay subsoil and limestone bedrock outcrops were observed on the modern ground surface in many areas. The project area as a whole is heavily eroded, and landscaping activities associated with the Messinger occupation have further compromised the integrity of soils on the property. It is Horizon’s opinion that shovel testing was capable of fully penetrating sediments with the potential to contain prehistoric and historic-age cultural resources. One newly recorded archeological site, 41TV2573, was documented within the project area during the survey. This site consists of a cluster of mid- to late 20th-century and early 21st-century buildings located off the western side of David Moore Drive approximately 0.6 kilometer (0.4 mile) south of Slaughter Lane in southern Austin. The homesite has been the residence of two generations of the Messinger family since they acquired the property in 1966. Currently, the homestead consists of a cluster of 12 buildings, including two houses (Resources A and D), a small apartment building (Resource C), a garage/shed currently in use as an art studio (Resource B), six sheds (Resources A.3, A.4, A.5, A.6, A.7, and C.1), a covered carport (Resource A.2), and a gazebo (Resource A.1). Most of the buildings on the site were constructed in the early to mid-1980s or in the early 21st century and are not of historic age. The only two historic-age buildings on the site are the two houses (Resources A and D), which were built circa (ca.) 1924 in downtown Austin and later purchased and moved to their current locations on the Messinger property by Milton and Dawn Messinger in 1967. Other features on the site include a swimming pool adjacent to the southernmost of the two houses (Resource A) and a gravel driveway that provides access to the site from David Moore Drive to the east. Prior to the Messinger’s acquisition of the property in 1966, the parcel was in the ownership of the Moore family and, prior to that, the Slaughter family, though no evidence of any historic-age occupations prior to the Messinger’s development of the property beginning in 1966 was observed during the survey. The resources identified on site 41TV2573 are located on a formerly rural property that is now surrounded by modern residential subdivisions. The only two historic-age resources on the site are two houses (Resources A and D) that were constructed elsewhere in downtown Austin in 1924 and subsequently moved to their current locations on the Messinger property in 1967, and both structures have been extensively altered and modernized. No other historic-age structures are present on the site, and no archeological deposits associated with any historic-age occupations of the property were observed during the survey. Based on the largely modern character of the architectural features on the homestead, the extensive alterations to the only two historic-age buildings, a lack of significant historical associations, and the absence of archeological deposits, the site is recommended as ineligible for inclusion in the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP). Based on the results of the survey-level investigations documented in this report, no potentially significant cultural resources would be affected by the proposed undertaking. In accordance with 36 CFR 800.4, Horizon has made a reasonable and good faith effort to identify historic properties within the APE. No cultural resources were identified that meet the criteria for listing on the NRHP according to 36 CFR 60.4. Horizon recommends a finding of “no historic properties affected,” and no further work is recommended in connection with the proposed undertaking. However, in the event that any human remains or burial objects are inadvertently discovered at any point during construction, use, or ongoing maintenance in the project area, even in previously surveyed areas, all work should cease immediately and the Texas Historical Commission (THC) should be notified of the discovery
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