1,720,991 research outputs found
Introduction : embracing specificity, embracing place
No full textA place is defined both by geographical location and human experience. Place is space, occupying real physical form, which has been arrogated for a given social use. The Roman concept genius loci recognizes the spirit of place as independent and unique to each location. Architecture, in turn, can be understood as an activity that both signals and responds to place in the recognition, delimitation and establishment of confines. Distinguishing between the site and the structures erected on it, Aristotle defined place as the immobile surface of the containing body in direct contact with the contained body. There is place that is physically marked, as well as place that is more nebulously defined by institutional factors, political borders and sensorial elements. Yet places are by no means passive, objects to the actors of human ingenuity. They contain the capacity for generation and are inherently generative, their innate qualities – in the sense of a landscape, climatic zone or geographical environment – being formative in the creation of architecture. A place can serve as a locus of a project, directing architecture's discovery of what already exists, and illuminating roots, outlines and unvarying constants.
This book explores the construction of place in architecture in early modern Europe (1400-1750). Each of the book's ten essays takes a distinct historical subject and examines the wider relationships between environmental categories (place, site and context), different stages in the design process, the interaction between project and construction, and the contextual use of tools and materials. ‘Architecture’, as explored here, corresponds to that of the period considered, and encompasses the built environment in its entirety, as well as the tools and machines applied in its production. The objects of examination include mills and machines, dams, sluices and scaffolding, foundations and fortifications, as well as church balconies, imposing palaces and canonical theories. Archival evidence takes the form of patent records, workaday drawings and graphic models, maps, musical scores, workshop inventories and legal texts. Collectively, the essays show how the making of early modern architecture was inseparable from context, and from the social relations, institutional supports and strategic processes upon which it was founded
The Spedale di Santa Maria della Scala and the construction of Siena
No full textThe Spedale di Santa Maria della Scala was central to the development of architecture and infrastructure in early modern Siena. A major landowner and patron, the hospital institution oversaw the construction of a wide range of buildings throughout the commune, and also played a crucial role in the perpetuation of a distinctly Sienese corpus of technical knowledge. Archival records attest to the presence of the Spedale’s building workshop, which contributed workers, materials and expertise to both the institution’s projects, as well as those involving Siena’s infrastructure and defenses. Several fifteenth-century model books trace the technical tradition spearheaded by the Scala. Assembled by individual practitioners, the books bolstered a collective memory, delineating the ideas and structures that made Siena a place
The observer's paradox: Some forms of skewing that can occur in language documentation and some possible ways to mitigate them
Full text linkSkewing due to the observer’s paradox in a language documentation project can create inaccuracies or unnaturalness in the data. This paper offers some possible ways to mitigate those effects during the preparation phase, wordlist elicitation, the recording sessions themselves, and also in respect to the metadata annotation and the archiving
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
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