160 research outputs found
Has Aid Helped in Pakistan?
No full textThis paper has a two-fold objective: first, to examine the terms on which Pakistan receives aid and whether its debt situation is sustainable, and second, to examine the impact of aid and debt on economic growth. It is found that there is little encouraging that can be said about how the terms on which Pakistan has received aid over time have changed, and its current debt situation is not sustainable. Also reported is the analysis done elsewhere which shows that aid has a negative (Granger) causal impact on GDP, and aid has a robust negative impact on economic growth after controlling for supplyside shocks. We provide various reasons for this negative association.
The Effectiveness of the Literacy Program of the Lions Club Avayanna in Medan City
No full textThis study aims to analyze the effectiveness of the literacy program implemented by the Lions Club Avayanna Kota Medan through the establishment of the Pondok Mentari Reading House in Rumamis Village, Barusjahe District, Karo Regency. The program is designed to enhance reading interest, literacy skills, and the well-being of children and the community through non-formal education and social empowerment approaches. The research methodology employed a descriptive qualitative approach, utilizing data collection techniques such as observation, interviews, and documentation. Informants in this study included Lions Club officials, volunteer teachers, and program beneficiaries.
The research results indicate that the literacy program implemented has been effective based on five effectiveness indicators according to Sutrisno, namely program understanding, target accuracy, timeliness, achievement of objectives, and tangible changes. The program has successfully created an inclusive and safe learning environment, improved children's basic literacy skills, and had a positive impact on the social life of the community. Through group reading activities, discussions, and skill-building workshops, children at Pondok Mentari not only learn to read and write but also develop critical thinking skills and creativity.127 PagesSkripsi Sarjan
Calicnemia fortis Dow, Zia, Naeem & Rafi, 2014, sp. nov.
No full textCalicnemia fortis sp. nov. (Figs. 1 – 7) Type material. Holotype: ♂ (ODO/ZYG/ 217), Pakistan, Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Muzaffarabad, Noseri, 11 v 2005, leg. S. A. Zia, deposited in the National Insect Museum, Islamabad, Pakistan. Paratype: ♂ (ODO/ZYG/ 218), data as holotype. Etymology. The species is named fortis, an adjective, meaning robust, referring to the strong build and relatively large size of the species. Description of holotype male. Head: labium dark brown. Labrum black, clypeus black except for 2 small pale, widely separated spots on postclypeus. Mandible bases black. Genae dark brown adjacent to mandible bases, elsewhere dark with irregular pale markings. An indistinct pale area at junction of frons and clypeus, frons otherwise matte black, vertex and occiput same, antennae with scape and pedicel black with brown sections at top, flagellum missing. Ocelli yellowish. Thorax (Fig. 1): Prothorax matte black with grey pruinesence covering most of propleuron, anterior lobe of pronotum and lateral anterior part of middle lobe. Synthorax matte black except for a narrow irregular yellowish stripe on metepisternum, broadest near legs where extending slightly onto mesepimeron, running above and over spiracle, tapering toward but not reaching antealar carina. A broad, irregular yellow stripe occupies much of metepimeron. Legs with coxae pale with obscure dark areas anteriorly and laterally, otherwise mostly dark brown and black with sparse grey pruinosity on trochanters and femora. Wings (Figs. 2 – 3) with 5 postquadrangular cells in Fw, 4 in Hw. 18 Px in Fw, 16 (left) and 15 (right) Px in Hw. Pt pale, covering ca 2 underlying cells, approximately rhombic, but with costal side a little shorter than anal side. Abdomen: S 1 black dorsally, laterally mostly yellow. S 2 mostly black with obscure rusty red markings in apical two thirds. S 3 – 6 red, darkening with each successive segment, black behind posterior carina dorsally and in upper part laterally. S 7 dark red dorsally except at apical extremity, same colour lower laterally, with a poorly defined black stripe between, except in basal ca one-fifth. S 8 black with obscure dark red markings lower laterally and in basal half dorsally. S 9 black except for apical red lower lateral mark. S 10 black. Genital ligula (Fig. 4) typical for group 2 Calicnemia, terminal segment with two broad apical lobes, almost square at ends. Anal appendages of typical form for the genus, as shown in Figs. 5–7 with interior ventral tooth located basally on cercus, bifurcated terminally. Measurements (mm): Abdomen without anal appendages 37, paraprocts ca 1.5; Hw 28.5. Female. Unknown. Variation in paratype male. The paratype male (Fig. 8) does not differ from the holotype in any significant way except that two full length pruinose antehumeral stripes are present, and there is more extensive pruinosity on the prothorax and laterally on the synthorax. Additionally abdominal S 1 – 2 are largely pruinose grey. Measurements (mm): Abdomen without anal appendages 35; Hw 28.5; 18 Px in Fw, 14 (right) or 16 (left) Px in Hw. Diagnosis. A robust group 2 Calicnemia with synthorax black with yellow lateral marks and abdomen with S 2 – 7 wholly or partly red. Separated from all other species of group 2 of Calicnemia except C. hasik Wilson & Reels, 2003, C. mortoni (Laidlaw, 1917), C. nipalica Kimmins, 1958, C. pulverulans (Selys, 1886) and C. rectangulata Laidlaw, 1932 by the black mesepisternum lacking antehumeral markings or with only pruinose blue antehumeral markings. Distinguished from C. pulverulans by the entirely black abdomen and the more rounded ends of the lobes of the terminal segment of the ligula of that species. Distinguished from C. hasik by more extensive red colouration on the abdomen, broader lobes of the terminal segment of the ligula and shorter tooth on the cercus in lateral view. C. rectangulata differs in the extent of the red markings in the abdomen and in having a much larger tooth on the cercus, very prominent in lateral view. C. nipalica has the terminal segment of the ligula deeply divided. C. mortoni has a longer but less broad tooth on the cercus and the terminal segment of the ligula deeply divided. Remarks. In his PhD thesis (Zia 2010) the second author gave this species a name, Indocnemis ahmedi, and presented a (composite) description, but also issued a disclaimer, citing article 8.2 of the International code of Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN 2012), to the effect that “description of new species i.e. Indocnemis ahmedi provided in this dissertation is not issued for public and permanent scientific record or for purposes of zoological nomenclature”. The name ahmedi is therefore not available; in any case it would not have been available because no holotype was designated (article 16.4.1). Calicnemis fortis was found flying within tall grassy vegetation around an open spring which runs into a fast flowing stream. Calicnemia eximia was common at the same site. Unfortunately following the devastating earthquake in October 2005 the spring at the type locality dried up, and the species has not been relocated in that area despite repeated searches by the second author in the following three years. However, Zia (2010) lists two additional males from a location in North West Frontier Province of Pakistan. These specimens have not been seen by the first author and in the view of the second author might represent a different species, because they differ quite substantially in colouration and some other characters as well; therefore they are left out of consideration here. The species should be searched for not just in neighbouring regions of Pakistan, but also in the neighbouring Indian state of Jammu and Kashmir. In life the markings on the abdomen were pinkish red, becoming darker on S 6–7; in the holotype they have faded considerably with preservation. The colour of the paratype male (Fig. 8) is better preserved than that of the holotype, as is the extensive pruinosity on the thorax and abdominal S 1–2. In the holotype there is no indication of any antehumeral markings, but pruinose antehumeral stripes are present in the paratype. Possibly, as is the case in males of some other Calicnemia species, e.g. C. soccifera Yu & Chen, 2013, yellow antehumeral markings are present in immature individuals but later these markings become completely pruinose (Yu & Chen 2013). In the case of C. fortis, possibly the underlying marking fades completely, leading to the condition now seen in the holotype. Calicnemia fortis comes closest to C. pulverulans, from which it differs principally in the colour of the abdomen and details of the genital ligula. Calicnemia pulverulans has been recorded as far west as the Nanda Devi Bisophere Reserve in Uttar Pradesh, India (Kumar 1997), but this is more than 600 km from the type locality of C. fortis. Differences from C. pulverulans and other species most closely resembling the available material of C. fortis are given in the diagnosis. Considering the remaining species in group 2 of Calicnemia, C. fortis males are easily separated from those of C. chaseni (Laidlaw in Campion & Laidlaw, 1928), C. miles (Laidlaw, 1917), C. miniata (Selys, 1886), C. chaoi Wilson, 2004, and C. zhuae Zhang & Yang, 2008, which have bright red or orange antehumeral stripes as well as differences in the anal appendages and genital ligula; uniquely in the genus C. chaoi possesses amber wings (Wilson 2004). Of three Chinese species with males possessing yellow or pruinosed antehumeral stripes: C. gulinensis Yu & Bu, 2008, C. porcata Yu & Bu, 2008 and C. soccifera, C. soccifera has the terminal segment of the genital ligula with much narrower lobes and legs with a red or yellow femur contrasting with a black tibia. Calicnemia gulinensis has an orange abdomen and far more extensive pale markings on labrum and clypeus and C. porcata differs in the colouration of the head, details of the tooth on the cercus and in the ligula, which bears a distinctive ridge centrally on the terminal segment, and has the lobes almost square ended. This leaves two species that have not been placed in either of Lieftinck’s groups within Calicnemia; these are dealt with below. The species group to which C. uenoi Asahina, 1997, from Vietnam belongs is unclear because Asahina provided no illustration of the ligula. Asahina (1997: 22) stated that C. uenoi is “One of the typical Calicnemia species...”, but judging from the illustrations it seems atypical in the form of the tooth on the cercus, a narrow median spine rather than the robust tooth, normally with a bifid tip, and typically placed more basally, that is usual in Calicnemia. The type series of C. uenoi was deposited in the National Museum of Nature and Science, Tokyo, Japan, but at the present time it cannot be located (Akihiko Sasamoto and Takuya Kiyoshi, personal communication). However, in the collection of the Naturalis Biodiversity Center (RMNH), Leiden, there is a male labelled as C. uenoi from the area of the type locality, donated from the collection of Matti Hämäläinen and originally collected by Haruki Karube. It is difficult to reconcile the anal appendages of the RMNH specimen with Asahina’s illustrations, and this specimen seems close to C. hasik. When describing C. hasik, Wilson & Reels (2003: 266) commented on Asahina’s description of C. uenoi and, understandably, concluded that their species was distinct; the RMNH specimen suggests that further study of this matter is needed. It is to be hoped that the type series of C. uenoi will become available in the near future. In any case, C. uenoi as illustrated by Asahina is clearly distinguished from C. fortis by the form and position of the tooth on the cercus, and C. hasik and the RMNH specimen differ from C. fortis in the details of the ligula, anal appendages and colouration. Calicnemia sudhaae Mitra, 1994, known from Mizoram in northeast India and which is said (Mitra 2002) to resemble C. pulverulans, does not appear to have been assigned to either species group within Calicnemia. This species is illustrated in Mitra (2002: figs. 54-56) where the ligula appears to have ribbon-like flagellae, an impression confirmed by the text “flagella one pair, long ribbon like with pointed apex” (Mitra 2002: 56). Therefore C. sudhaae belongs to group 1 of Calicnemia and need not be considered further here. The large size and long wing length of this species partly accounts for the high count of postquadrangular cells in C. fortis, a character that Fraser (1933), following Laidlaw (1917), used to separate Calicnemia from Indocnemis Laidlaw, 1917. Recent authors have seldom or never given counts of the postquadrangular cells in their descriptions of Calicnemia species, but the illustration of the Hw of C. chaoi shows 4 postquadrangular cells (Wilson 2004: 429, fig. 21). Lieftinck (1977: 20, 22) stated that C. miniata males from northern India and Nepal examined have 3 – 4 postquadrangular cells and that even the holotype male of C miles has 3 – 3 - 1 / 2 postquadrangular cells. In fact the wing photograph of C. pulverulans in Laidlaw (1917: plate XV, fig. 3), the same publication where Indocnemis was described and where the count of postquadrangular cells was first used to distinguish Calicnemia from Indocnemis, shows almost 4 postquadrangular cells in the left Fw. It is to be hoped that these examples will finally lay to rest the idea that the count of postquadrangular cells is a character of value for distinguishing Calicnemia from related genera. With the addition of C. fortis, Calicnemia consists of 22 named species, unless C. pyrrhosoma Lieftinck, 1984 is recognised; this name persists on some world Odonata checklists although it was established as a junior synonym of C. doonensis Sangal & Tyagi, 1984 by Hämäläinen (1989). Yu & Bu (2008) commented on the extent of variability of markings with age and possibly location in C. sinensis Lieftinck, 1984, and geographical variation in markings may occur in other species, so that caution is needed in separating species based entirely on colour patterns. However, structural differences in ligula and caudal appendages are also often subtle, rendering Calicnemia a difficult genus to work on. As noted by Yu & Chen (2013), some of the Chinese species “seem to be closely related, and more detailed studies are needed to clarify their true relationships”; we can only extend this statement to the whole genus.Published as part of Dow, Rory A., Zia, Ahmed, Naeem, Muhammad & Rafi, Muhammad Ather, 2014, Calicnemia fortis sp. nov. from Pakistan (Odonata: Zygoptera: Platycnemididae), pp. 338-342 in Zootaxa 3869 (3) on pages 338-342, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3869.3.7, http://zenodo.org/record/22935
The Dispute over the Attribution of a Ghazal to Saadi, Mahseti, and Rafi' Marvazi
No full textIntroductionMany of the diwans (poetic collections) of ancient poets have been lost for various reasons. This has led to reliance on tazkarehs (biographical works) and jongs (literary anthologies) for compiling the poetic works of the poets without preserved diwans. Although the existence of these tazkarehs and jongs is a great blessing, sometimes the authors' or scribes' errors result in attributing a poem to someone else. However, referring to tazkarehs and jongs is the only way to gather the works of poets without preserved diwans, albeit with caution. The oldest and perhaps the most authoritative tazkareh of Persian poetry is Lobab al-Albab; this tazkareh provides abundant and documented information about poets before the 6th century and serves as a source for other tazkarehs and historical books. Based on the editors' statements in Lobab al-Albab, this tazkareh was edited based on two manuscripts by Elliot and Sprenger, which Browne stated were from the 16th or 17th century AD, approximately the 10th or 11th century AH (See: Aufi, 1982: 7). And elsewhere, he states that: “In fact, none of the manuscript copies used as the basis possesses significant antiquity or scholarly precision” (ibid: 19). However, this lateness of the manuscripts of Lobab cannot be a reason for major alterations in the poems, and on this basis, it can be considered one of the most authentic sources for poems before the 6th century, as it was of interest to the authors of tazkarehs, and many later tazkarehs, literary works, and historical books have cited it. After Lobab, various tazkarehs and jongs such as Rawzat al-Nazir, Arafat al-Ashiqin, Atishkadeh, Aftab-e Alamtab, Ruz-e Rushan, Majales al-Nafais, and similar tazkarehs were compiled. Although the main benefit of these tazkarehs is the collecting poems and biographies of earlier poets, especially those without preserved diwans, they sometimes contain attribution errors. In such cases, the most logical approach is referring to the earliest of these tazkarehs and jongs and their consensus on a subject and presenting rational evidence to minimize errors. Literature ReviewThere are various articles and editions regarding Mahseti Ganjavi and the quatrains attributed to him. One of the oldest articles related to Mahseti is “Mahseti Nayshaburi” by Ali Akbar Qawim al-Dowleh, in which he mentions Mahseti Nayshaburi through a narration from Sultan Sanjar (Qawim al-Dowleh, 1960: 161-168). Among the most important articles about Mahseti is “Mahseti-shenasi” by Maryam Mosharraf, which discusses Mahseti's life and introduces two books about him (Mosharraf, 2005: 85-101). There is also an article titled “Stylistic Analysis of Mahseti Ganjavi's Quatrains” by Mohammad Reza Najjarian, which lists his stylistic characteristics (Najjarian, 2016: 241-268). There are more articles about Mahseti, but they are beyond the scope of this research. However, none of the aforementioned studies mention the attribution of the ghazal in question to Mahseti Ganjavi. Furthermore, this ghazal is not present in any of the editions of Mahseti's quatrains. Additionally, the authors of this research did not find any studies on the works and potential poems of Rafi' Marvazi. There has also been no research regarding the attribution of this ghazal to Saadi. MethodsThe method of data collection in the present research is library-based and note-taking. In this study, a descriptive-analytical approach is used to examine a ghazal attributed to three poets. Several manuscripts and printed copies have also been studied to reach the most accurate conclusion. DiscussionOne of the current problems regarding the poems of past poets is the wandering of some of these poems in different jongs and tazkarehs. A famous ghazal attributed to Saadi, and also included as a “mukhammas” (five-line poem based on another poem) on Saadi's ghazal in Helali Joghatayi's diwan, is recorded with Saadi's pen name. However, after examining Saadi's Kolliyat (complete works) and scrutinizing several manuscripts, we did not find this ghazal in Saadi's diwan. This ghazal, present in Helali's “tazmin” (incorporation), also has Saadi's pen name. It is attributed to Mahseti in the tazkareh Biyaz by Taj al-Din Ahmad Wazir and the jong Rawzat al-Nazir wa Nuzhat al-Khatir by Abdulaziz Kashi. A critical point that casts doubt on these attributions is the inclusion of this ghazal in Lobab al-Albab under the name of Rafi' Marvazi. Considering that Lobab precedes all of these works, the attribution of the ghazal to Mahseti and Saadi becomes questionable. Furthermore, in three instances in Jawame’ al-Hekayat, Tarikh-e Jahangushay-e Juvayni, and Makaram al-Akhlaq, a line or lines from this ghazal are mentioned; and given the historical periods of these books, its attribution to Saadi is impossible. Moreover, the attribution of the ghazal to Rafi' takes precedence over Mahseti, as the ghazal in question is attributed to Rafi' Marvazi in Lobab, which is earlier than the other manuscripts. ConclusionGiven that the ghazal in question is attributed to Rafi' Marvazi in Lobab al-Albab by Aufi, and since Rafi' Marvazi was a poet of the Seljughi era, while Saadi is later than him and even the author of Lobab, it can be said with certainty that this ghazal is not by Saadi. The inclusion of two lines from this poem without mentioning the author's name in Jawame’ al-Hekayat, Tarikh-e Jahangushay, and Makaram al-Akhlaq is Another reason to reject its attribution to Saadi. The attribution of this ghazal to Mahseti should also be doubted, as the oldest tazkareh closest to Mahseti's time has attributed it to Rafi' Marvazi. Additionally, this ghazal differs from Mahseti's poems in terms of stylistic and poetic form. Therefore, considering the refutation of its attribution to Saadi and the doubt in its attribution to Mahseti, it is logical and more accurate to trust Lobab and attribute it to Rafi' Marvazi
REVITALIZATION OF ABLUTION AREA AT TK RA PERSIS 106 IN CENTRAL JAKARTA
No full textTK RA Persis 106 adalah Taman Kanak-kanak yang berada di wilayah permukiman padat di Jakarta Pusat, dimana mayoritas para siswa dan siswi adalah warga sekitar. TK RA Persis memiliki area lahan sebesar 300 m2 dengan luas bangunan sebesar 200 m2 setinggi satu (1) lantai sudah cukup memadai bagi kurang lebih 60 siswa/siswi muslim. Tidak hanya digunakan sebagai sarana Pendidikan, namun sebagian area luar (area lapangan dan area wudhu) digunakan untuk pemotongan sapi qurban pada Idul Adha. Area wudhu tersebut tidak hanya digunakan dalam penunjang aktivitas ibadah siswa/siswi sebagai salah satu pembentukan karakter, namun juga digunakan sebagai area yang mendukung kegiatan pemotongan kurban pada saat Idul Adha. Keran-keran air pada area wudhu disambungkan dengan selang, dimana aliran air membantu proses pembersihan darah binatang kurban secara maksimal. Area wudhu dengan luasan sekitar 3 m2 yang sebenarnya kurang memadai bagi seluruh siswa/siswi muslim di sekolah ini yang mencapai kurang lebih 10 guru, 1 OB, dan 60 murid. Bila aktivitas praktek wudhu sedang dilaksanakan, mau tidak mau, siswa/siswi yang hendak belajar harus mengantri dan belajar wudhu secara berdempetan, sehingga aktivitas maupun proses belajar wudhu menjadi tidak efisien.Melihat kondisi tersebut, kami sebagai tim pengabdian masyarakat Universitas Indraprasta PGRI telah berdiskusi dengan Ketua Yayasan beserta guru-guru TK RA Persis 106 Jakarta Pusat dan bergerak untuk melakukan pengabdian masyarakat dengan judul “Revitalisasi area wudhu TK RA Persis 106 di Jakarta Pusat”.Kata kunci: Taman kanak-kanak, wudhu, islamRA Persis 106 is a kindergarten located in a densely populated residential area in Central Jakarta, where themajority of students are local residents. The institution occupies a land area of 300 m², with a building footprintof 200 m² spread over a single floor, which adequately accommodates approximately 60 Muslim students.Beyond serving as an educational facility, part of the outdoor area specifically the playground and ablution(wudhu) area-is utilized for the ritual slaughtering of sacrificial animals (qurban) during Eid al-Adha. Theablution area not only supports students' religious practices as part of character development but alsofunctions as a site to facilitate the qurban slaughtering activities. Water taps in this ablution area are connectedto hoses, enabling efficient cleaning of animal blood during the sacrificial process. However, the ablution area,covering approximately 3 m², is insufficient to accommodate all Muslim students, who number around 60, inaddition to 10 teachers and 1 janitor. During ablution practice, students are compelled to queue closely,leading to inefficiencies in both the religious ritual and the learning process. In response to these conditions,our community service team from Universitas Indraprasta PGRI engaged in discussions with the foundationchairperson and teachers of TK RA Persis 106 in Central Jakarta. Subsequently, we initiated a communityservice project titled “Revitalization of the Ablution Area at TK RA Persis 106, Central Jakarta.
INTERIOR DESIGN OF STAIPI ISLAMIC CENTER OFFICE SPACE, BAMBU APUS, EAST JAKARTA
No full textThe Islamic Center, located in Bambu Apus, East Jakarta, is a multifunctional building consisting of a mosque, auditorium, teaching and learning rooms and office space for managers. In this “pengabdian masyarakat”, the focus is office space. This is a concern because of the problem with the arrangement of the office space that cannot be fully functioned because there is no arrangement and/or interior design for the office space. Thus, the office space that should accommodate activities for users is not yet usable. Seeing these conditions, we, as a “pengabdian masyarakat” team at Universitas Indraprasta PGRI, are trying to hold discussions and coordinate with the Chairperson of PP Persis Jakarta and do “pengabdian masyarakat” which focusing on architecture design
DESIGNING THE INTERIOR OF THE ISLAMIC CENTER OFFICE AT STAIPI, BAMBU APUS, EAST JAKARTA
No full textThe Islamic Center, located in Bambu Apus, East Jakarta, is a multifunctional building consisting of a mosque, auditorium, teaching and learning rooms and office space for managers. In this “pengabdian masyarakat”, the focus is office space. This is a concern because of the problem with the arrangement of the office space that cannot be fully functioned because there is no arrangement and/or interior design for the office space. Thus, the office space that should accommodate activities for users is not yet usable. Seeing these conditions, we, as a “pengabdian masyarakat” team at Universitas Indraprasta PGRI, are trying to hold discussions and coordinate with the Chairperson of PP Persis Jakarta and do “pengabdian masyarakat” which focusing on architecture design
Analisis Pelayanan Jalan Soekarno-Hatta Sebelum dan Sesudah Penerapan AKB (Adaptasi Kebiasaan Baru) dalam Upaya Pencegahan dan Pengendalian Covid-19 di Kota Bandung
No full textKemacetan pada ruas jalan Soekarno-Hatta yang merupakan jalan arteri primer kota Bandung dapat menimbulkan kerugian materiil maupun in-materiil akibat waktu tempuh yang lama, dampak dari kemacetan tersebut dapat mempengaruhi berbagai aktivitas masyarakat Kota Bandung. Dengan pesatnya pertumbuhan lalu lintas harus diimbangi pula dengan peningkatan sarana dan prasarana transportasi yang memadai agar tidak menimbulkan hambatan dan kemacetan jalan. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui tingkat pelayanan jalan pada ruas jalan Soekarno-Hatta dan mengetahui kapasitas jalan pada lalu lintas dua lajur dua arah di lokasi penelitian sebelum dan sesudah AKB (Adaptasi Kebiasaan Baru) dalam upaya pencegahan dan pengendalian Covid-19. Berdasarkan tinjauan kinerja jalan dalam menampung volume kendaraan pada siang dan sore hari pada hari biasa dan hari libur, terdapat perbedaan volume lalu lintas kendaraan dan tingkat pelayanan lalu lintas kendaraan sebelum dan sesudah pelaksanaan AKB (Adaptasi Kebiasaan Baru), kapasitas jalan eksisting di jalan Soekarno-Hatta sebelum penerapan AKB melebihi batas pelayanan yang seharusnya, dimana tingkat pelayanan sudah berada pada level D, sedangkan setelah penerapan AKB (Adaptasi Kebiasaan Baru) tingkat pelayanan lalu lintas berubah menjadi level B. Perlu diterapkan strategi TDM (Transport Demand Management) untuk mengatasi permasalahan terkait volume dan pelayanan lalu lintas Jalan Soekarno Hatta Kota Bandung
Interview with Ahmed al-Dajani
No full textفي هذه المقابلة، يتحدث الدكتور أحمد الدجاني، المفكر الفلسطيني، عن الفصائل الفلسطينية. أجرت المقابلة إيمان رافع.In this interview, Ahmed al-Dajani, a Palestinian author, speaks about Palestinian factions. The interview was conducted by Iman Rafi
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