1,720,969 research outputs found
Hypnotizability and performance on a Prism Adaptation Test
No full textContains fulltext :
158051.pdf (Publisher’s version ) (Open Access)The susceptibility to hypnosis, which can be measured by scales, is not merely a cognitive trait. In fact, it is associated with a number of physiological correlates in the ordinary state of consciousness and in the absence of suggestions. The hypnotizability-related differences observed in sensorimotor integration suggested a major role of the cerebellum in the peculiar performance of healthy subjects with high scores of hypnotic susceptibility (highs). In order to provide behavioral evidence of this hypothesis, we submitted 20 highs and 21 low hypnotizable participants (lows) to the classical cerebellar Prism Adaptation Test (PAT). We found that the highs' performance was significantly less accurate and more variable than the lows' one, even though the two groups shared the same characteristics of adaptation to prismatic lenses. Although further studies are required to interpret these findings, they could account for earlier reports of hypnotizability-related differences in postural control and blink rate, as they indicate that hypnotizability influences the cerebellar control of sensorimotor integration.8 p
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Empirical Foundations for Meaningful Human Control:
No full textThe rise of autonomous artificial intelligence (AI) systems has put strain on traditional notions of
control. The inherent complexity of AI processes leads to an opaqueness which presents challenges
in monitoring actions and attributing responsibility. These challenges may be referred to as ‘control
gaps’ or ‘responsibility gaps’. To address these, recent theories of Meaningful Human Control (MHC)
have emerged, with the aim of establishing clear requirements for effective human oversight of AI
systems. In doing so, some accounts of MHC relax the need for direct operational relationships
between human operators and the systems under their control.
This paper advances a novel philosophical thesis: We assert that the Sense of Agency—a cognitive
measure closely associated with control—can empirically substantiate these normative foundations
of MHC. Through rigorous analysis of scientific literature on the Sense of Agency, we construct a
compelling argument for the empirical justification of the philosophical theory of action underlying
MHC.
The notion that reasons and intentions play an exceedingly important role in human control,
previously considered primarily within theoretical discourse, we find has significant support in recent
empirical studies of human cognition. This connection not only provides crucial empirical grounding
to existing MHC theories, but it also opens avenues for design insights from both fields.
In our examination of MHC and the Sense of Agency, we identify a crucial intersection between these
concepts, so far underexplored, which we propose holds significant potential for future inquiry and
practical development
Four responsibility gaps with artificial intelligence: Why they matter and how to address them
Full text linkThe notion of "responsibility gap" with artificial intelligence (AI) was originally introduced in the philosophical debate to indicate the concern that "learning automata" may make more difficult or impossible to attribute moral culpability to persons for untoward events. Building on literature in moral and legal philosophy, and ethics of technology, the paper proposes a broader and more comprehensive analysis of the responsibility gap. The responsibility gap, it is argued, is not one problem but a set of at least four interconnected problems - gaps in culpability, moral and public accountability, active responsibility - caused by different sources, some technical, other organisational, legal, ethical, and societal. Responsibility gaps may also happen with non-learning systems. The paper clarifies which aspect of AI may cause which gap in which form of responsibility, and why each of these gaps matter. It proposes a critical review of partial and non-satisfactory attempts to address the responsibility gap: those which present it as a new and intractable problem ("fatalism"), those which dismiss it as a false problem ("deflationism"), and those which reduce it to only one of its dimensions or sources and/or present it as a problem that can be solved by simply introducing new technical and/or legal tools ("solutionism"). The paper also outlines a more comprehensive approach to address the responsibility gaps with AI in their entirety, based on the idea of designing socio-technical systems for "meaningful human control", that is systems aligned with the relevant human reasons and capacities
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
Detecting Ill-intended Crossing Behaviour of Pedestrians
No full textThis thesis aims to improve future urban traffic by focusing on interactions between Autonomous
Vehicles (AVs) and Vulnerable Road Users (VRUs) in crossing scenarios. The main
research question is “To what extent can ill-intended crossing behaviour of pedestrians be recognized
in a morally responsible way, in the context of AVs?” Specifically, the aim is to avoid a
Pedestrian Supremacy, the scenario where VRUs are crossing the road illegally, taking advantage
of the safety-first AVs, thereby stalling traffic. This scenario might work against the transition towards
AVs, which is undesirable as AVs promise a safer traffic when compared to Human-Driven
Vehicles (HDVs). In the experiment the Pedestrian Intention Estimation (PIE) dataset, containing
video data, is decomposed into categorical, textual data. Binary Logistic Regression (BLR) is
used, evaluating the resulting categorical data. It was found that the PIE dataset might suffice for
the task, suggesting that there is a potential for a method that can evaluate intentions. Yielding
high accuracy of 0.9444 using the sex, action and age predictors, analysed with an inexpensive
method such as BLR shows that the method is able to run in real time. Further optimisation and
more complex models could improve classification performance. In the current form, improvements
to the dataset are necessary to avoid bias. Suggestions to improve the dataset as well as
suggestions for further research are made. Special attention is attributed to safety, privacy, lawfullness
and moral responsibility. The goal is to lay the foundation for an ethically sound agent
that is aiding the transition towards safer, autonomous traffic
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