1,721,005 research outputs found
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Demand-Independent Optimal Tolls
Get PDFWardrop equilibria in nonatomic congestion games are in general inefficient as they do not induce an optimal flow that minimizes the total travel time. Network tolls are a prominent and popular way to induce an optimum flow in equilibrium. The classical approach to find such tolls is marginal cost pricing which requires the exact knowledge of the demand on the network. In this paper, we investigate under which conditions demand-independent optimum tolls exist that induce the system optimum flow for any travel demand in the network. We give several characterizations for the existence of such tolls both in terms of the cost structure and the network structure of the game. Specifically we show that demand-independent optimum tolls exist if and only if the edge cost functions are shifted monomials as used by the Bureau of Public Roads. Moreover, non-negative demand-independent optimum tolls exist when the network is a directed acyclic multi-graph. Finally, we show that any network with a single origin-destination pair admits demand-independent optimum tolls that, although not necessarily non-negative, satisfy a budget constraint
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Parametrische Berechnung von Gleichgewichten und Flüssen
No full textNetwork flows can be used to model numerous real world applications, such as flows in physical networks like electrical, gas, or water networks, flows in traffic networks, or flows of goods in logistic networks.
More precisely, many of these applications can be modeled either as minimum cost flows or equilibria of network games, sometimes even both. In this thesis, we study the computational complexity of computing these flows and develop algorithms solving this task.
In contrast to the basic static flow models that are widely studied in the literature, we mainly focus on parametric flow models. In particular, we consider settings where the demands, i.e., the external in- and outflow rates, are parametrized by a one-dimensional value. The solution to a parametric flow problem is no longer one static flow but a function mapping the parameter to a static flow satisfying the respective demands. The parametric model allows to analyze the sensitivity of static flows with respect to the in- and outflow.
This thesis is subdivided into two parts. The first part is concerned with the minimum cost flow problem with convex costs, with and without parametric demands. We characterize optimal solutions via optimal potentials, analyze the parametric minimum cost flows and its derivatives, and develop an output-polynomial algorithm that can compute solution functions to the parametric minimum cost flow problem for piecewise quadratic cost functions. We extend the algorithm such that it can also be used to approximate the parametric solution for the minimum cost flow problem with more general, convex costs. Since our algorithms can handle the undirected and directed setting, it can be applied to many real-world problems. In a computational study, we test two different algorithms for the computation of parametric minimum cost flows on several traffic and gas instances and find that the algorithms are also applicable in practice.
In the second part, we study the parametric computation of Nash equilibria in an atomic splittable congestion games, a special form of network congestion games. We characterize equilibria and show that their computation is a PPAD-complete problem. As a byproduct of our analysis, we also obtain algorithms for the parametric and non-parametric computation of equilibria in atomic splittable congestion games.Netzwerkflüsse können zur Modellierung zahlreicher Anwendungen verwendet werden, zum Beispiel für Flüsse in physikalischen Netzwerken wie Strom-, Gas- oder Wassernetzen, Flüsse in Verkehrsnetzwerken oder Warenflüsse in logistischen Netzwerken.
Genauer gesagt können viele dieser Anwendungen entweder als minimale Kostenflüsse oder Gleichgewichte von Netzwerkspielen modelliert werden, manchmal sogar beides. In dieser Arbeit untersuchen wir die Komplexität der Berechnung dieser Flüsse und entwickeln Algorithmen für deren Berechnung.
Im Gegensatz zu statischen Flussmodellen, die in der Literatur häufig untersucht werden, konzentrieren wir uns hauptsächlich auf parametrische Flussmodelle. Insbesondere betrachten wir Modelle, bei denen die Nachfragewerte an den Knoten, das heißt die externen Ein- und Ausflussraten, durch einen eindimensionalen Wert parametrisiert sind. Die Lösung eines parametrischen Flussproblems ist nicht mehr ein statischer Fluss, sondern eine Funktion, die jeden Parameter auf einen statischen Fluss für die entsprechende Nachfragen abbildet. Das parametrische Modell erlaubt es, die Sensitivität von statischen Flüssen in Bezug auf den Ein- und Ausfluss zu analysieren.
Diese Arbeit gliedert sich in zwei Teile. Der erste Teil befasst sich mit dem minimalen Kostenflussproblem mit konvexen Kosten, sowohl mit und ohne parametrische Nachfragen. Wir charakterisieren optimale Lösungen über optimale Potentiale, analysieren die parametrischen minimalen Kostenflüsse und ihre Ableitungen und entwickeln einen output-polynomialen Algorithmus, der Lösungsfunktionen für das parametrische minimale Kostenflussproblem für stückweise quadratische Kostenfunktionen berechnen kann. Wir erweitern den Algorithmus, sodass er auch zur Approximation von parametrischen Lösungen für das minimale Kostenflussproblem mit allgemeineren, konvexen Kosten verwendet werden kann. Da unsere Algorithmen sowohl für ungerichtete als auch für gerichtete Netzwerke geeignet ist, kann er auf viele reale Probleme angewendet werden. In einer Rechenstudie testen wir zwei verschiedene Algorithmen auf mehreren Verkehrs- und Gasinstanzen und zeigen, dass die Algorithmen auch in der Praxis anwendbar sind.
Im zweiten Teil untersuchen wir die parametrische Berechnung von Nash-Gleichgewichten in atomaren, teilbaren Auslastungsspiele (atomic splittable congestion games), einer speziellen Form von Netzwerkstauspielen. Wir charakterisieren Gleichgewichte und zeigen, dass ihre Berechnung ein PPAD-vollständiges Problem ist. Als Nebenprodukt unserer Analyse erhalten wir auch Algorithmen für die parametrische und nicht-parametrische Berechnung von Gleichgewichten
Complexity and Approximation of the Continuous Network Design Problem
Get PDFWe revisit a classical problem in transportation, known as the continuous (bilevel) network design problem, CNDP for short. Given a graph for which the latency of each edge depends on the ratio of the edge flow and the capacity installed, the goal is to find an optimal investment in edge capacities so as to minimize the sum of the routing cost of the induced Wardrop equilibrium and the investment cost for installing the capacity. While this problem is considered as challenging in the literature, its complexity status was still unknown. We close this gap showing that CNDP is strongly NP-complete and APX-hard, both on directed and undirected networks and even for instances with affine latencies.
As for the approximation of the problem, we first provide a detailed analysis for a heuristic studied by Marcotte for the special case of monomial latency functions (Math. Program., Vol. 34, 1986). We derive a closed form expression of its approximation guarantee for arbitrary sets of latency functions. We then propose a different approximation algorithm and show that it has the same approximation guarantee. However, we show that using the better of the two approximation algorithms results in a strictly improved approximation guarantee for which we derive a closed form expression. For affine latencies, e.g., this algorithm achieves a 49/41-approximation which improves on the 5/4 that has been shown before by Marcotte. We finally discuss the case of hard budget constraints on the capacity investment
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