1,721,049 research outputs found
Warm winds from the Pacific caused extensive Arctic sea-ice melt in summer 2007
No full textDuring summer 2007 the Arctic sea-ice shrank to the lowest extent ever observed. The role of the atmospheric energy transport in this extreme melt event is explored using the state-of-the-art ERA-Interim reanalysis data. We find that in summer 2007 there was an anomalous atmospheric flow of warm and humid air into the region that suffered severe melt. This anomaly was larger than during any other year in the data (1989–2008). Convergence of the atmospheric energy transport over this area led to positive anomalies of the downward longwave radiation and turbulent fluxes. In the region that experienced unusual ice melt, the net anomaly of the surface fluxes provided enough extra energy to melt roughly one meter of ice during the melting season. When the ocean successively became ice-free, the surface-albedo decreased causing additional absorption of shortwave radiation, despite the fact that the downwelling solar radiation was smaller than average. We argue that the positive anomalies of net downward longwave radiation and turbulent fluxes played a key role in initiating the 2007 extreme ice melt, whereas the shortwave-radiation changes acted as an amplifying feedback mechanism in response to the melt
Historische Erwärmung und Klimasensitivität
No full textIn this dissertation, we study the climate sensitivity of the Earth. The climate sensitivity quantifies the response of the Earth system to radiative forcing, in particular, the radiative forcing induced by humans. We use both complex climate modelling and observations from the historical record for this endeavour. We analyse these data sources from the perspective of a conceptual framework based on the Earth's energy budget. The foci of our study are on two wide topics.
The first topic estimates how sensitive the Earth's climate is to carbon dioxide using the historical warming. We use two quantities to measure the sensitivity: the transient climate response (TCR) and the long-term equilibrium climate sensitivity (ECS). Past studies analysed the historical observations of warming and forcing in the light of the Earth's energy budget to estimate TCR and ECS. We ascertain that some of these calculations underestimate TCR and ECS. First, we analyse the disadvantages of past observational estimates concerning the uncertainties in the anthropogenic radiative forcing. Based on this analysis, we select the post-1970s period. Then we link the modelled warming in this period in complex climate models with the corresponding modelled TCR and ECS. This relationship between warming and sensitivity, and the observed post-1970s warming allow us to estimate TCR and ECS. Our TCR estimate is higher than the past estimates, and we find that this difference can be explained by past studies assuming that the ocean mixed-layer is equilibrated. Our ECS estimate is also higher than some past estimates and is in line with other studies that accounted for the effects of an evolving sea-surface temperature pattern. The evolving sea surface temperature pattern changes the feedback mechanisms on the warming and temporarily counteract the radiative forcing.
The second topic explores the role of clouds in this temporary dampening of the transient global warming. We find that the cloud feedback not only acts directly with the sea surface temperature patterns that arise when the climate system is out of equilibrium, but clouds also affect other relevant feedback mechanisms. Past studies found that the evolving sea surface temperature pattern changes the radiative response between decadal and centennial timescales. A proposed mechanism connects clouds with the evolving pattern. They also show in observations the relationship between the decadal cloud variations and the corresponding variations in the radiative response of the Earth. Assisted by a complex climate model, we find that not only clouds link the evolving pattern with the radiative response, but also that they influence the remaining relevant mechanisms. To unravel the role of clouds, we use a cloud-locking technique which inhibits cloud feedback. We find that: a) clouds explain almost half of the difference in the radiative response between decadal and centennial timescales, and b) a synergy between cloud processes, lapse-rate and water-vapour feedback provides the tropical free-tropospheric warming that the proposed physical mechanism needs.In dieser Dissertation untersuchen wir die Klimasensitivität der Erde. Die Klimasensitivität misst die Reaktion des Erdsystems auf den Strahlungsantrieb unter besonderer Berücksichtigung des anthropogenen Strahlungantriebes. Dazu verwenden wir sowohl komplexe Klimamodelle, als auch historische Beobachtungen. Wir analysieren beide Datenquellen im physikalisch-konzeptuellen Rahmen des Wärmehaushaltes der Erde. Die Schwerpunkte unserer Untersuchung liegen auf zwei großen Themengebieten.
Das erste Thema schätzt basierend auf der historischen Erwärmung ab wie sensibel das Klima der Erde auf Kohlendioxyd reagiert. Wir verwenden zwei Maße, um die Sensitivität zu messen: die kurzfristige emph{Transient Climate Response} (TCR) und die langfristige emph{Equilibrium Climate Sensitivity} (ECS). Vorherige Untersuchungen analysieren historische Beobachtungen der Erwärmung und des Strahlungsantriebes mit dem Wärmehaushalt der Erde, um die TCR und die ECS zu berechnen. Wir stellen fest, dass einige dieser früheren Berechnungen die TCR und die ECS unterschätzen. In dieser Dissertation analysieren wir zuerst die Nachteile dieser früheren Schätzungen in Bezug auf die Messunsicherheit des anthropogenen Strahlungsantriebs. Aufgrund der niedriegeren Messunsicherheit des anthropogenen Aerosolstrahlungsantriebes wählen wir für unsere Analyse den Zeitraum ab den 1970-iger Jahren aus. Dann verbinden wir die modellierte Erwärmung in diesem Zeitraum mit den entsprechenden modellierten TCRs und ECSs. Die ermittelte Beziehung zwischen Erwärmung und Sensitivität und die tatsächliche Erwärmung seit den 1970-iger Jahren macht eine neue Schätzungen der tatsächliche TCR und ECS möglich. Unsere Schätzung der TCR ist höher als die früheren Schätzungen. Wir stellen fest, dass der Unterschied auf eine Annahme vorheriger Schätzungen zurückführbar ist: Bezüglich des Wärmeaustausches ist der gutgemischte Ozean stationär. Unsere Schätzung der ECS ist ebenfalls höher als diejenigen einiger vorheriger Schätzungen. Unsere Schätzung stimmt mit anderen Schätzungen, die die Effekte eines sich entwickelnden Musters der Meeresoberlfächnetemperatur berücksichtigen, überein. Dieses Muster verändert die Rückkopplungsmechanismen und wirkt dem Strahlungsantrieb vorläufig entgegen.
Das zweite Thema handelt von der Rolle der Wolken in dieser vorläufigen Dämpfung der transienten globalen Erwärmung. Wir entdecken, dass die Wolkenrückkopplung nicht nur eine direkte Wirkung hat, sondern auch, dass die Wolken andere relevante Rückkopplungen beeinflussen. Vorherige Untersuchungen stellten fest, dass das sich entwickelnde Muster der Meeresoberflächentemperatur die Strahlungsreaktion zwischen zehn- und hundertjährigen Zeitskalen verändert. Ein möglicher physikalischer Mechanismus, der die Wolken mit dem sich entwickelnden Muster verknüpft, wurde vorgeschlagen. Die Beziehung zwischen den zehnjährigen Schwankungen der Wolken und den entsprechenden Änderungen in der Strahlungsreaktion der Erde konnte bereits durch Beobachtungen verifiziert werden. Mit Hilfe eines komplexen Kimamodells finden wir, dass nicht nur die Wolken das sich entwickelnde Muster mit der Strahlungsreaktion verknüpfen, sondern auch, dass die Wolke die übrigen relevanten Mechanismen beeinflussen. Um die Rolle der Wolken zu untersuchen, verwenden wir eine ''cloud-locking'' Technik, die die Wolkenrückkopplung unterbindet. Unser Resultat ist: a) die Wolken erklären fast die Hälfte der Änderung der Strahlungsreaktion zwischen zehn- und hundertjährigen Zeitskalen und b) eine Synergie zwischen Wolkenprozessen, die Temperatur-Gradient- und die Wasserdampfrückkopplung liefert die tropische frei-troposphärische Erwärmung, die der vorgeschlagene physikalische Mechanismus benötigt
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
On the Arctic Boundary Layer : From Turbulence to Climate
No full textThe boundary layer is the part of the atmosphere that is in direct contact with the ground via turbulent motion. At mid-latitudes the boundary layer is usually one or a few kilometers deep, while in the Arctic it is much more shallow, typically a few hundred meters or less. The reason is that here the absolute temperature increases in the lowest kilometer, making the boundary layer semi-permanently stably stratified. The exchange of heat, momentum and tracers between the atmosphere, ocean and ground under stable stratification is discussed from an observational, modeling and climate-change point of view. A compilation of six observational datasets, ordered by the Richardson number (rather than the widely used Monin-Obukhov length) reveals new information about turbulence in the very stably stratified regime. An essentially new turbulence closure model, based on the total turbulent energy concept and these observational datasets, is developed and tested against large-eddy simulations with promising results. The role of mesoscale motion in the exchange between the atmosphere and surface is investigated both for observations and in idealized model simulations. Finally, it is found that the stably stratified boundary layer is more sensitive to external surface forcing than its neutral and convective counterparts. It is speculated that this could be part of the explanation for the observed Arctic amplification of climate change
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
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