1,720,955 research outputs found
Designer Drugs – “Legal Drugs” – Substances that Threaten Life and Health – the Attitude of Public Administration – Fighting or Controlling?
Full text linkThe phenomenon of drug addiction is a global problem, and combating it with traditional methods based on a zero-tolerance policy seems doomed to failure, as exemplified by designer drugs, which were supposed to be legal analogues of conventional drugs. The aim of this study is to try to answer the question of how effective the state has in the fight against new psychoactive substances, commonly known as legal highs. From the content of the work, we learn what legal highs are and how the legislator positions them among other narcotic substances and what methods it uses to fight them. The authors evaluate the effectiveness of the legal solutions ordered by the legislator under private and public law. The result of the above assessment are the postulates of validation ending the work.Zjawisko narkomanii jest problemem globalnym, a walka z nim tradycyjnymi metodami opartymi na polityce zero tolerancji wydaje się być skazana na porażkę, czego przykładem są narkotyki projektowane, które miały być legalnymi analogami narkotyków konwencjonalnych. Celem niniejszej pracy jest próba odpowiedzi na pytanie, jak skutecznymi sposobami dysponuje państwo w walce z nowymi substancjami psychoaktywnymi, potocznie nazywanymi dopalaczami. Z treści pracy dowiadujemy się czym są dopalacze i jak ustawodawca pozycjonuje je pośród innych substancji narkotycznych, oraz jakimi metodami prowadzi z nimi walkę. Autorzy dokonują oceny skuteczności działania zaordynowanych przez ustawodawcę rozwiązań prawnych na gruncie prawa prywatnego i publicznego. Skutkiem powyższej oceny są postulaty konwalidacyjne kończące pracę
Mayor as a local leader. Pros and cons of municipal reform – legal consideration
Full text linkThe article focuses on the problem of the mayor as a local
leader and describes the reform of the municipal which was introduced
in 2002. Thesis in divided into three parts. In the first part
author defines mayor as a local leader in the local government.
In the second part article describes comparison on the collegiate
community board with mayor and also author writes about advantages
and disadvantages of this system. Another problem is conflict
of the executive and the legislative body. In the following part
we can read about limit term mayor in municipalities. The last
chapter is reflections and conclusions on the introductions of direct
executive authority in polish law and suggestions tending to remove
the pathology in relation mayor – the municipal council
Do we want legal drugs?
Full text linkPoszukując odpowiedzi na pytanie, czy chcemy legalnych narkotyków, należy
najpierw zgłębić wiedzę dotyczącą tego, co to jest narkotyk, jakie jest jego działanie i jaki wywiera
wpływ na człowieka. Autor chcąc udzielić odpowiedzi na tytułowe pytanie, podzielił artykuł na
cztery rozdziały. W pierwszym rozdziale dokonał próby zdefiniowania narkotyku i wskazał jego
pochodzenie. W drugim omówił uwarunkowania narkomanii, przedstawił podstawowe definicje
i rodzaje uzależnienia. Rozdział trzeci to obowiązujący stan prawny i próby legalizacji „miękkich”
narkotyków, poruszony został także problem bagatelizowania szkodliwości marihuany. Ostatni,
czwarty rozdział to zagadnienia dotyczące profilaktyki i modeli właściwych zachowań pozwalających
odrzucić pokusę, jaką są narkotyki. Każdy narkotyk, bez względu na jego umowny podział:
miękki czy twardy, pozostawia ślad w naszym organizmie, powodując zmiany w psychice i zachowaniu
człowieka.Looking for an answer to the question whether we want legal drugs, first we should
deepen understanding what a drug is, how it acts what kind of influence on a human being it has? To
answer the title question the author has divided the article into four chapters. In the first chapter he
defines a drug and points to its origin. In the second chapter the author discusses conditions of drug
abuse, presents main definitions and types of addiction. The third chapter describes the current legal
status and some attempts to legalize soft drugs. He also describes a problem of marijuana harmfulness.
The last chapter presents ways of prevention and models of behaviour to reject temptation of
drug use.
No matter what kind of drugs: ’soft’ or ‘hard’ we use , each of them leaves a trace and changes
to our organism, psychology and human behavior
Legal highs – unpredictable drugs. Social and legal problem
Full text linkThe aim of this article is to present the problem of new psychoactive substances – designer drugs. New drugs are undoubtedly a social and legal problem. The existing legal regulations lag behind the producers of designer drugs who use all the available methods to bypass the law, which is a kind of race between criminals and the legislator. In the author’s opinion the current methods used by the Polish legislator are not effective. Prohibition policy has led to the emergence of new deadly agents such as designer drugs. When looking for an answer to the question of how to fight new drugs, we need to look at various instruments, not just the criminal law. According to the author the adoption of a liberal strategy involving the legalization of soft drugs is an effective solution. Legal soft drugs would put an end to the prevalence of high-risk designer drugs
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
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