27 research outputs found
Annotating Significant Relations on Multimedia Web Documents
No full textAnnotation is a fundamental activity for information extraction. Annotation of large
corpora provides a basis for building ontologies and thesauri (Braschler and Schauble
2000), while annotation of existing data helps adding semantics (Volz et al. 2004).
The elements to be annotated range from simple text (Kahan and Koivunen 2001),
to structured data (Geerts et al. 2006), images (Herve and Boujemaa 2007), and
video (Del Bimbo and Bertini 2007), while the annotation content can be as simple
as a tag (Zheng et al. 2008a,b) or as complex as a whole new document (Bottoni
et al. 2006), most commonly being text. While traditional annotation on paper alter
the physical support of the document, digital annotations can be added at will on a
digital document without modifying it, still maintaining their relationship to the
original document through suitable metadata.
Automatic annotation of complex documents is still a hard problem for computational
systems, hence any support to the manual work of the human annotators,
for example, retrieval of existing information or versatility in managing different
types of media is helpful. Moreover multimedia documents can be both the subject
and the content of the annotation, making the combined management of documents
and annotations a must. On the other hand, as we focus on in this chapter, annotation
can prove useful not only for wide communities, but also for groups of interest
or at the enterprise level, or even for individuals, allowing them to accumulate
knowledge on specific topics by constructing a web of annotations.
In this sense, the annotation activity can be used to extract and retrieve two types
of information. In the first type, which we may call “objective,” well-known facts, for
example, dates, places, or names, are extracted, which need to be related, structured,
and documented, possibly according to known, domain-dependent conventions. Ithe second, “subjective,” type, the information which is extracted is related to the
user’s goal in the context of a particular activity. Users may want to associate different,
possibly unrelated parts of a document, such as salient features of an event
or location, or of the psychological profile of a person, or information about a
product or service, with a view to what is needed for a given task, for example, a
presentation, a lecture, or the construction of a personal archive. Moreover, they
want to do so in a nondisruptive way, while perusing the document.
The MADCOW system (for Multimedia Annotation of Digital Content Over the
Web) (Bottoni et al. 2004, 2006), allows users to annotate web pages containing
different types of media with web notes composed of text, images, video, and, in
general, any type of digital document, which can then be retrieved from the originally
annotated document (or directly through queries to an annotation server), and
which can be made public. The MADCOW client is integrated as a bookmarklet on
the toolbar of the most common browsers and allows readers to create or retrieve
annotations on the current page without interfering with their normal behavior
when accessing information on the Web.
We have recently enriched MADCOW with the ability to create notes pertaining
not only to single blocks of text or to structures within pictures contained in the
page, but also referring to any combination of these individual elements. As an
example, writers involved in the cooperative construction of a web page, or a scholar
reading a scientific document, could create a single note on two portions of text that
appear as contradictory, or as a repetition. A detailed analysis of a picture might
immediately refer to the text describing it. More sophisticated uses might uncover
the logical relations between different parts of the document as described in the
first scenario presented in the paper. These actions need not be done by the author
of the document, but provide a dynamic construction of the interpretation of the
document by its readers, in a sense materializing the notion of “open work” (Eco
1962). To our knowledge, no existing system for manual web annotation tackles the
problem of linking a single annotation to different portions of the document.
In the following, we introduce our running example on two scenarios, concerning
cooperative enrichment of available material between teacher and students,
and extraction of structured information by a single user, illustrating the use of
MADCOW to organize the two types of information discussed above. We present
the notion of multistructure, allowing the creation of multi-notes, which associate a
single annotation with several elements of a Web document, and present the relevant
data structures and the interaction by which they are created exploiting the
MADCOW client. Finally, we show how multi-notes can further be manipulated
and reused by readers accessing them
Wiener index of quadrangulation graphs
No full textThe Wiener index of a graph G, denoted W(G), is the sum of the distances between all non-ordered pairs of vertices in G.E. Czabarka, et al. conjectured that for a simple quadrangulation graph G on n vertices, n >= 4, W(G) <= {1/12n(3) + 7/6n-2, n 0 (mod 2), 1/12n(3) + 11/12n-1, n 1(mod 2). In this paper, we confirm this conjecture. (C) 2020 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V
The Minimum Number of 4-Cycles in a Maximal Planar Graph with Small Number of Vertices
No full textHakimi and Schmeichel determined a sharp lower bound for the number of cycles of length 4 in a maximal planar graph with n vertices, n≥ 5 . It has been shown that the bound is sharp for n= 5 , 12 and n≥ 14 vertices. However, the authors only conjectured the minimum number of cycles of length 4 for maximal planar graphs with the remaining small vertex numbers. In this note, we confirm their conjecture. © 2023, The Author(s) under exclusive licence to Iranian Mathematical Society
Land property rights and household take-up of development programs: Evidence from land certification program in Ethiopia
No full textAccess to secure land plays a key role in the socio-economic development of agricultural households. Since 1998, large-scale land certification programs aimed at strengthening the land property rights of agricultural households in Ethiopia have been implemented across regions to varying degrees. Using a three-period, large-scale nationally representative panel dataset from Ethiopia, this paper investigates the importance of access to secure land property right in the form of land certification for household take-up of agricultural development interventions that aim to improve household agricultural productivity and sustainable land use at a community level. We studied the take-up of agricultural extension packages and participation in community level sustainable land and water management programs as outcome variables. To account for potential endogeneity in the allocation of certificates and other confounding factors, we applied different panel data methods including instrumental variable approach. We find that access to secure property rights have a positive and significant effect on household take-up agricultural development interventions: agricultural extension packages and sustainable land and water management interventions. Additionally, we find that land certificates significantly predict household adoption of chemical fertilizers. (c) 2021 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)
Analyzing the Effect of Yarn Tension, Weft Yarn Type, and Weft Yarn Density on Thermal Resistance, Thermal Conductivity, and Air Permeability of Plain Woven Fabric
No full text© 2024 The Author(s). Published with license by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC. cc-byUncomfortable feelings during wear highly affect human health, work efficiency, and mental satisfaction. This study evaluated the thermal comfort of woven fabrics made from 16Ne ring and rotor spun weft yarns(x1). The other variables involved are warp tensions (x2) of 1 kilo newton (KN) and 2 kN, weft tensions (x3) of PFT/B- and PFT/B+T, and weft densities (x4) of 14 picks per centimeter (PPC) and 18 PPC. Comfort properties such as thermal conductivity, thermal insulation, and air permeability were measured and analyzed. The fabric produced from rotor-spun weft yarn showed better thermal comfort properties than the fabric made from ring-spun weft yarn. The results of the analysis revealed that when warp and weft yarn tension increased and weft density decreased, thermal conductivity and air permeability also increased. However, thermal insulation of the fabric decreased as yarn tension increased. On the other hand, as the weft density increased, the thermal insulation of the fabric increased. Air permeability increased as weft tension increased from PFT/B- to PFT/B+T and it decreased as weft density increased from 14 PPC to 18PPC. The maximum thermal conductivity and minimum thermal resistance were attained at 14 PPC weft density and ring-spun weft yarn
The Maximum Number of Paths of Length Three in a Planar Graph
No full textLet f(n, H) denote the maximum number of copies of H possible in an n-vertex planar graph. The function f(n, H) has been determined when H is a cycle of length 3 or 4 by Hakimi and Schmeichel and when H is a complete bipartite graph with smaller part of size 1 or 2 by Alon and Caro. We determine f(n, H) exactly in the case when H is a path of length 3. © 2021, The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG
The effects of traditional biomass energy utilization on socio-economic and environmental sustainability development of rural society in Ethiopia
No full textAbstract Background The main objective of this systematic review was to determine how traditional biomass energy utilization affects the socio-economic development of Ethiopian rural society. The techniques used in this systematic review were developed by combining and analyzing the results of empirical studies conducted throughout Ethiopia. Methods To find relevant material for this systematic review, a comprehensive search of scientific databases was conducted, including Web of Science, Journal of Citation Report, Scopus, Google Scholar, Citation Tracking, and Science Direct. The inclusion and exclusion criteria were mostly based on the papers' degree of relevance to the study topic, publishing year, and study area. The reviews that are taken into consideration have certain qualities, such as their relevance to the review's goal, their conduct within its parameters, and their publication in a peer-reviewed journal between 2012 and 2024. Various data were gathered and systematically reviewed, including the name and publication date of the author(s), the name of the journal, the type and category of the publication, the study settings, the methodology, and the main conclusions. To enhance the reliability and validity of the systematic review, the prisma2009 flow diagram was carefully used and only 18 of the 168 articles that were evaluated were chosen. Results Most rural societies depend on traditional biomass energy, which negatively affects health, economy, and environmental sustainability. Different factors are influencing why people are still utilizing biomass energy as a primary source, including low government intervention, no market access, disconnection from the grid, and Social culture and economic capacity of households. Conclusion In general, the government and non-governmental organizations must intervene by providing funds, market access, and alternative renewable energy sources to decrease the adverse effects of traditional biomass energy consumption on Ethiopian rural communities
Application of the Optical Fiber Diameter Analyzer for Assessing Cotton Fiber Ribbon Width
No full text© 2024 The Author(s). Published with license by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC. cc-byExisting methods for measuring fineness are time-consuming, tedious, and impractical to evaluate many samples. For this reason, the Textile Industry has sought a rapid, accurate, and reliable instrument to determine fiber fineness. Recently, the Optical Fiber Diameter Analyzer (OFDA) was introduced for rapid and precise evaluation of the diameter of different types of fibers. In this study, the OFDA was evaluated for measuring the ribbon width of cotton fiber snippets. One hundred and four carded cotton samples covering a wide range of fiber properties were selected and tested with nine replications per sample. The repeatability of the OFDA diameter measurement was confirmed. Comparisons with the data (cross-sections, AFIS, and Cottonscope) obtained from previous studies on the 104 samples were used to assess the effectiveness of the proposed method. The relationship between ribbon widths measured by Cottonscope and OFDA was found to be weak. Yet, there is a strong correlation between OFDA ribbon width and AFIS standard fineness. We hypothesize that the poor relationship between the Cottonscope and the OFDA is related to the medium in which the measurements are performed. The results are stable and provide measurements closely related to AFIS standard fineness, a trusted measurement within the Textile Industry
Estimates of global, regional, and national morbidity, mortality, and aetiologies of diarrhoeal diseases: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015
No full textBackground The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2015 (GBD 2015) provides an up-to-date analysis of the burden of diarrhoeal diseases. This study assesses cases, deaths, and aetiologies spanning the past 25 years and informs the changing picture of diarrhoeal disease worldwide.Methods We estimated diarrhoeal mortality by age, sex, geography, and year using the Cause of Death Ensemble Model (CODEm), a modelling platform shared across most causes of death in the GBD 2015 study. We modelled diarrhoeal morbidity, including incidence and prevalence, using a meta-regression platform called DisMod-MR. We estimated aetiologies for diarrhoeal diseases using a counterfactual approach that incorporates the aetiology-specific risk of diarrhoeal disease and the prevalence of the aetiology in diarrhoea episodes. We used the Socio-demographic Index, a summary indicator derived from measures of income per capita, educational attainment, and fertility, to assess trends in diarrhoeal mortality. The two leading risk factors for diarrhoea-childhood malnutrition and unsafe water, sanitation, and hygiene-were used in a decomposition analysis to establish the relative contribution of changes in diarrhoea disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs).Findings Globally, in 2015, we estimate that diarrhoea was a leading cause of death among all ages (1.31 million deaths, 95% uncertainty interval [95% UI] 1.23 million to 1.39 million), as well as a leading cause of DALYs because of its disproportionate impact on young children (71.59 million DALYs, 66.44 million to 77.21 million). Diarrhoea was a common cause of death among children under 5 years old (499 000 deaths, 95% UI 447 000-558 000). The number of deaths due to diarrhoea decreased by an estimated 20.8% (95% UI 15.4-26.1) from 2005 to 2015. Rotavirus was the leading cause of diarrhoea deaths (199 000, 95% UI 165 000-241 000), followed by Shigella spp (164 300, 85 000-278 700) and Salmonella spp (90 300, 95% UI 34 100-183 100). Among children under 5 years old, the three aetiologies responsible for the most deaths were rotavirus, Cryptosporidium spp, and Shigella spp. Improvements in safe water and sanitation have decreased diarrhoeal DALYs by 13.4%, and reductions in childhood undernutrition have decreased diarrhoeal DALYs by 10.0% between 2005 and 2015.Interpretation At the global level, deaths due to diarrhoeal diseases have decreased substantially in the past 25 years, although progress has been faster in some countries than others. Diarrhoea remains a largely preventable disease and cause of death, and continued efforts to improve access to safe water, sanitation, and childhood nutrition will be important in reducing the global burden of diarrhoea. Copyright (C) The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license
Author Correction: Mapping local patterns of childhood overweight and wasting in low- and middle-income countries between 2000 and 2017
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