1,721,021 research outputs found
Understanding transport behaviour and policies to increase walking and cycling
Full text linkThis thesis examined the factors affecting active mobility, walking and cycling, in urban environments using a multilevel perspective, from individual agency to built environment, to national-level policies. Understanding that health behaviour change is complex, and cannot be achieved through a single one-size-fits-all policy is the key premise of this thesis. In order to recognise the system-wide influences on walking and cycling, a socio-ecological framework was developed. This combines insights from psychological literature, transportation, and broader policy, and presents their relative roles and interactions in determining urban transport. Statistical analysis based on data from seven European cities showed the crucial role attitudes and psychosocial variables play in determining active travel. Based on the principles of realist evaluation, an analysis of interventions aimed at changing the psychosocial mindset of study participants in four of the seven cities revealed the short-term positive effects of such soft-measure interventions. However, the analysis also emphasised the need to change people's experiences for these measures to have a lasting effect. Finally, an economic analytical framework was developed to evaluate the potential effectiveness of a nation-wide policy (higher fuel taxes) to reduce car use and increase active travel. While including physical inactivity as a social cost greatly increases the optimal value of a fuel tax, limiting factors such as the psychosocial mindsets of people, or lack of suitable infrastructure, reduce the potential impact of such policies. Hence, working in an integrated, multidisciplinary manner is necessary for changing complex systems such as urban transport, physical activity-related health, and reducing carbon dioxide emissions
Antworten auf zentrale Fragen zur Einführung von CO2 Preisen
Full text linkDiese Zusammenstellung einiger in der Öffentlichkeit häufig diskutierter Fragen zur CO2-Bepreisung bereitet den Stand der Forschung für Interessierte auf.LEUREZitierung: Mattauch, Linus, Felix Creutzig, Nils aus dem Moore, Max Franks, Franziska Funke, Michael Jakob, Lutz Sager, Moritz Schwarz, Achim Voß, Marie-Luise Beck, Claus-Heinrich Daub, Moritz Drupp, Felix Ekardt, Gregor Hagedorn, Mathias Kirchner, Tobias Kruse, Thomas Loew, Karsten Neuhoff, Isabella Neuweg, Sonja Peterson, Matthias Roesti, Gerhard Schneider, Robert Schmidt, Reimund Schwarze, Jan Siegmeier, Philippe Thalmann, Johannes Wallacher (2019). Antworten auf zentrale Fragen zur Einführung von CO_2-Preisen. Gestaltungsoptionen und ihre Auswirkungen für den schnellen Übergang in die klimafreundliche Gesellschaft. Diskussionsbeiträge der Scientists for Future 2, 2019, doi:10.5281/zenodo.337115
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
die Wohlfahrtsimplikationen der Finanzierung klimafreundlicher öffentlicher Investitionen
No full textClimate policy is more than carbon pricing: successful decarbonization of a national economy creates new rents and affects existing ones, requires public investment, has distributional implications and changes preferences.
This thesis argues that economic theory would be better equipped for analyzing the macroeconomic trade-offs of climate change mitigation if it put greater emphasis on three principles: first, a distinction between rents, derived from fixed factors of production, and capital, that can be accumulated, is needed to understand the impact of climate policy on the wealth distribution. Second, for both rent taxation and financing low-carbon public investment, there is no standard equity-efficiency trade-off. Instead, both rent appropriation and public investment can enhance efficiency and reduce inequality at the same time, when designed appropriately. These first two points are substantiated by incorporating fixed factors of production and household heterogeneity in preferences and income sources into otherwise standard models of economic growth, both of the infinitely-lived agent and the overlapping-generations type. Third, to evaluate consumption decisions, a distinction between welfare as subjective well-being and welfare as the satisfaction of preferences is vital. This follows from applying the behavioral account of decision-making to consumer choices in carbon-intensive sectors such as transportation.
Specifically, the following results are shown: (1) It is proved that to reach socially optimal outcomes, if there are any rents from (quasi-)fixed factors such as land or the atmospheric sink, these should be taxed and the revenue should be invested into productive public capital or redistributed to poor, newborn generations. (2) Simulations indicate that the timing of public investment relative to the timing of an increase in the carbon price or in technology subsidies matters for avoiding a lock-in. (3) If there are two cohorts of wealth owners in the economy, those who save dynastically and those who save in a life-cycle manner, capital taxation has a special role for changing the wealth distribution provided the revenue is used for public investment. It is proved that capital taxation can be Pareto-improving and inequality-reducing. In contrast, consumption and labor taxation are more efficient, but do not reduce inequality. (4) Given that the transport infrastructure and other contextual factors largely influence actual mobility behavior, evaluating the welfare gain of low-carbon public investment needs to differentiate between subjective well-being and preference satisfaction as distinct welfare conceptions.
These results can be seen as steps towards evaluating the extent of the validity of the two major societal narratives about capitalism, which is considered to be either liberation or exploitation, for the transition to a low-carbon economy.Klimapolitik geht über die Bepreisung von Kohlenstoff hinaus: Eine erfolgreiche Dekarbonisierung einer Volkswirtschaft schafft neue und beeinflusst bestehende Renten, erfordert öffentliche Investitionen und verändert Präferenzen.
Die vorliegende Dissertation zeigt auf, dass volkswirtschaftliche Theorie die makroökonomischen Abwägungen, die bei der Bekämpfung des Klimawandels auftreten, besser untersuchen könnte, wenn die folgenden drei Gesichtspunkte größeres Gewicht bekämen: erstens bedarf es einer Unterscheidung zwischen akkumulierbarem Kapital und Renten, die auf fixe Produktionsfaktoren anfallen. Diese Unterscheidung erlaubt ein besseres Verständnis des Einflusses von Klimapolitik auf die Vermögensentwicklung. Zweitens gibt es für Rentenbesteuerung und die Finanzierung von kohlenstoffarmen Investitionen keine gewöhnliche Abwägung zwischen Gleichheit und Effizienz. Stattdessen können Rentenbesteuerung und öffentliche Investitionen gleichzeitig die Effizienz erhöhen und die Ungleichheit senken, sofern sie entsprechend ausgestaltet werden. Diese ersten beiden Aussagen werden dadurch belegt, dass fixe Produktionsfaktoren sowie Heterogenität in Präferenzen und Einkommensquellen der Haushalte in übliche Wachstumsmodelle integriert werden – sowohl in solche mit unendlich lange lebenden Agenten als auch in solche mit überlappenden Generationen. Drittens ist für die Bewertung von Konsumentscheidungen eine Unterscheidung zwischen den beiden Wohlfahrtskonzepten des subjektiven Wohlergehens und der Präferenzerfüllung unerlässlich. Dies folgt aus Ergebnissen der Verhaltensforschung über die Entscheidungsfindung von Konsumenten in karbonintensiven Wirtschaftssektoren wie dem Transportwesen.
Insbesondere werden die folgenden Resultate erzielt: (1) Für den Fall, dass Renten auf (quasi-)fixe Faktoren wie Land oder die Atmosphärensenke auftreten, wird bewiesen, dass es zum Erreichen des sozialen Optimums nötig ist, jene Renten zu besteuern und die Einnahmen in produktives öffentliches Kapital zu investieren oder an neugeborene Generationen zu verteilen. (2) Simulationen belegen, dass der Zeitpunkt von öffentlichen Investitionen, bezogen auf den Zeitpunkt einer Erhöhung des Kohlenstoffpreises oder von Technologiesubventionen, bedeutsam für die Vermeidung eines Lock-In- Effekts ist. (3) Wenn es in der Wirtschaft zwei Gruppen von Vermögensbesitzern gibt, solche, die dynastisch sparen, und solche, die über den Lebenszyklus sparen, kommt der Kapitalbesteuerung eine besondere Rolle dafür zu, die Vermögensverteilung zu verändern, wenn durch die Einnahmen öffentliches Kapital bereitgestellt wird. Es wird gezeigt, dass Kapitalbesteuerung Paretoverbessernd wirken und gleichzeitig die Ungleichheit senken kann. Demgegenüber sind eine Konsum- oder Arbeitsbesteuerung zwar effizienter, senken aber die Ungleichheit nicht. (4) Da der Einfluss der Transportinfrastruktur und anderer kontextabhängiger Faktoren auf die Wahl von Verkehrsmitteln hoch ist, muss eine Bewertung der Wohlfahrtsgewinne durch öffentliche Verkehrsinvestitionen zwischen subjektivem Wohlergehen und Präferenzerfüllung als unterschiedlichen Wohlfahrtskonzepten differenzieren.
Für den Übergang zur kohlenstoffarmen Wirtschaft können diese Ergebnisse als Schritte hin zu einer Abgrenzung der jeweiligen Gültigkeitsbereiche der beiden großen gesellschaftlichen Auffassungen über den Kapitalismus dienen
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
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