1,721,010 research outputs found
SOCIETA' ITALIANA DI IMMUNOLOGIA COMPARATA E DELLO SVILUPPO
No full textwebmaster del sito web della società a carattere nazionale ed internazionale. Il sito è recensito dalla CIRS (international center for scientific research). Il numero delle pagine è variabile in relazione ai continui aggiornamenti. # sito web società scientifica nazional
Preliminary data in immune priming in the Mediterranean mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis
No full textMolluscs, like all the other invertebrate, rely only on innate immunity for their defence. The latter has been traditionally associated with low specificity and lack of immune memory. However, in the last decade, the presence of short-term immune memory, referred to as “immune priming”, was revealed in representatives of various invertebrate phyla. In the present work, we studied the response of the mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis to single or double exposure (second one after 7 days from the first) to the gram-positive bacterium Bacillus clausii. One day after the 1st or 2nd exposure, the digestive gland and the gills were collected from exposed and unexposed animals (controls) frozen in liquid nitrogen and stored at -20°C. Haemolymph was also collected from the adductor muscle and haemocytes were obtained by centrifugation and resuspended in filtered seawater (FSW). The following parameters were measured: superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activities on tissues; total haemocyte count (THC), haemocyte volume (HV), haemocyte diameter (HD) and the percentage of phagocytosing cells on haemocytes. No variations in SOD and CAT activities were observed in exposed animals with respect to their control after a single exposure, whereas a significant decrease in CAT activity was observed after the 2nd exposure. No significant differences in the THC and phagocytosing activity were observed whereas significant increases in HV and HD were observed after the exposures without any significant variations between the two exposures. Collectively, these data represent a first attempt to study immune priming in M. galloprovincialis. Further studies are required using a more appropriate stimulus (B. clausii is not a natural pathogen for M. galloprovincialis) and changing the interval between the 1st and the 2nd exposure
Effects of mustard oil cake on liver proteins of Channa punctatus (Bloch)
Full text linkMustard oil cake is a biofertilizer widely used in agriculture and fish cultivation almost in all South East Asian Countries including India. The study was carried out to observe the effects of this biofertilizer on the liver proteins of Channa punctatus. At sublethal concentration (0.42 g/L), fishes were exposed for a prolonged period of 35 days and amount of total liver protein (TLP) was measured. The investigation showed a low rate of liver protein synthesis in treated fish after 4 days of exposure. An increase in the amount of protein was observed between the 7th and 35th day. But such increment was below the amount of TLP of control fish, indicating physiological stress in the treated fish
Effects of Emerging Contaminants to Marine Organisms: In Vitro and In Vivo Studies
Full text linkThe aim of this Special Issue (SI) was to publish original research papers and reviews dealing with the effects of emerging contaminants on marine organisms (vertebrates, invertebrates, plants, and microalgae) [...
The effects of glyphosate and its commercial formulations to marine invertebrates: A review
Full text linkGlyphosate is the active ingredient of numerous commercial formulations of herbicides applied in different sectors, from agriculture to aquaculture. Due to its widespread use around the world, relatively high concentrations of glyphosate have been detected in soil and aquatic environments. The presence of glyphosate in aquatic ecosystems has aroused the attention of researchers because of its potential negative effects on living organisms, both animals and plants. In this context, this review intends to summarize results of studies aimed at evaluating the effects of glyphosate (both as active ingredient and component of commercial formulations) on marine invertebrates. Generally, data obtained in acute toxicity tests indicate that glyphosate and its commercial formulations are lethal at high concentrations (not environmentally realistic), whereas results of long-lasting experiments indicate that glyphosate can markedly affect biological responses of marine invertebrates. Consequently, more efforts should be addressed at evaluating chronic or sub-chronic effects of such substances to marine invertebrate species
A bioenergetic model to address carbon sequestration potential of shellfish farming: example from Ruditapes philippinarum in the Venice lagoon
Full text linkShellfish are increasingly been looked at as sustainable food sources that provide additional ecosystem services. However, their role as CO2 sinks or sources is still debated. To quantify it, shell accretion dynamics should be accounted for. However, the shell component is usually calculated with allometric scaling, in most bivalve models. With this study, shell accretion was added to a bioenergetic model of the Manilla clam (Ruditapes philippinarum), and a parameter linking assimilated energy towards shell growth (KSH) was calibrated for four sites, where clams from the same cohort were monitored during a transplant experiment. The model was then used to calculate CO2 fluxes resulting from respiration and shell calcification, taking into account CaCO3 stocked in the shell and CO2 emission. The findings show that KSH varied slightly among sites and that clams played a role as a moderate sink of CO2 over a whole year. CO2 fluxes were characterized by a seasonal variability: clams were net sources in wintertime and sinks in summer time, suggesting the need of accounting for seasonality and growth should shellfish farming be included in carbon markets
Growth and liver histology of Channa punctatus exposed to a common biofertilizer
No full textMustard oil cake (MOC) is widely used as biofertilizer in the field of agriculture and aquaculture. Channa punctatus was exposed to 0.42 g.L−1 sublethal concentration for 4, 7, 14, 21 and 28 days. Due to such exposure, body growth and histological changes in liver were observed. It was revealed that weight, length and breadth of fish were gradually increased with the days of exposure in compare to control fish, whereas, liver showed an increase in sinusoidal space and lipidosis during early days, followed by a recovery from the stress of MOC on the 28th day
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Toxicological effects and bioaccumulation of fullerene C60 (FC60) in the marine bivalve Ruditapes philippinarum
Full text linkFullerene C60 (FC60), with its unique physical properties, has been used in many applications in recent decades. The increased likelihood of direct release into the environment has raised interest in understanding the biological effects of FC60 to aquatic organisms. Nowadays, only few studies have analysed FC60 effects and bioaccumulation in marine organisms following in vivo exposure. To provide new data about FC60 toxicity, Ruditapes philippinarum was selected as target species to assess potential adverse effects of the contaminant. Clams were exposed for 1, 3 and 7 days to predicted environmental concentrations of FC60 (1 and 10 μg/L) and cellular and biochemical responses were evaluated in clams’ gills, digestive gland and haemolymph. The FC60 content in gills and digestive gland was determined in all experimental conditions after 7 days of exposure. Results showed an increase in oxidative stress. In particular, a significant modulation in antioxidant enzyme activities, and changes in glutathione S-transferase activity were observed in gills. Moreover, damage to lipids and proteins was detected in FC60-treated (10 μg/L) clams. In digestive gland, slighter variations in antioxidant enzyme activities and damage to molecules were detected. CAT activity was significantly affected throughout the exposure, whereas damage to lipids was evident only at the end of exposure. FC60 accumulation was revealed in both gills and digestive gland, with values up to twelve-fold higher in the latter. Interestingly, haemolymph parameters were slightly affected by FC60 compared to the other tissues investigated. Indeed, only Single Cell Gel Electrophoresis and Neutral Red uptake assays showed increased values in FC60-exposed clams. Moreover, volume and diameter of haemocytes, haemocyte proliferation, and micronucleus assay highlighted significant variations in treated clams, but only in the first phases of exposure, and no changes were detected after 7 days. Our results suggested clam gills as the target tissue for FC60 toxicity under the exposure conditions tested: the high damage detected to lipids and proteins could contribute to long-term problems for the organism
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