1,720,954 research outputs found
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Vikariation und Metaschematismus: Samuel Hahnemanns Lehre vom Stellvertreterleid und ihre Bedeutung für die Klassische Homöopathie und die Anthroposophische Medizin
No full textVikariation und Metaschematismus, stellvertretende Symptome und der Gestaltwandel von Krankheitsprozessen, das sind Begriffe einer vergangenen Medizinepoche (18. und 19. Jahrhundert).
Samuel Hahnemann (1755 – 1834), der Begründer der modernen Homöopathie, hat versucht mit ihnen das dialektische Verhältnis zwischen Krankheit und Symptom zu erschließen. Er hat nach jahrzehntelanger Forschung der infektiösen chronischen Krankheiten (Miasmen), v. a der Syphilis, beobachtet: Wenn periphere persistierende Lokalsymptome unterdrückt werden, kann sich die Krankheitssituation im Inneren des Organismus verschärfen, es entstehen schwerwiegendere Symptome. Daraus schloss er, dass das periphere Lokalsymptom stellvertretende – vikariierende – Funktion für die ganze zentrale Krankheit hat. Sie wird dadurch beschwichtigt und ihr Fortschreiten aufgehalten. Seine Beseitigung führt zum Metaschematismus (Gestaltwandel) der Symptomatik im Sinne von Verschlimmerung der Pathologie. Man muss demnach den ganzen pathologischen Zusammenhang behandeln, nicht nur das Symptom.
Genau das ist fortan die Grundlage jener Homöopathie, die sich klassisch nennt und streng auf Hahnemann beruft. Durch Hahnemanns Ansatz wird der pars-pro-toto-Zusammenhang für die Medizin fruchtbar gemacht.
Das Vikariationsprinzip ist die eigentliche innovative Entdeckung Hahnemanns. Die anderen Prinzipien, das Ähnlichkeitsgesetz (Analogie- oder Simile-Prinzip) und das Potenzierungsprinzip, gründen in der alten Tradition der hermetischen Mikrokosmos-Makrokosmos-Entsprechung bzw. der Alchemie. Durch Hahnemanns Arzneimittelprüfung am gesunden Menschen wurden sie lediglich empirisch begründet und bestätigt. Nur das Vikariationsprinzip gründet im Geistesleben der Zeit Hahnemanns. Das pars-pro-toto-Bewusstsein war seit der einflussreichen Monadenlehre Leibniz`auf allen Gebieten des kulturellen Lebens vertreten. Allen voran: Die Entdeckung des hermeneutischen Zirkels des Verstehens durch Friedrich Ast. Es impliziert, die Fähigkeit, zugleich analytisch und synthetisch, induktiv und deduktiv zu forschen und zur Intuition zu kommen. Goethe nannte das in Anlehnung an Kant: die anschauende Urteilskraft.
Da es für pars-pro-toto-Verhältnisse in dynamischen Lebensprozessen keinen Begriff gibt, wird der Begriff Panenchie bzw. panenchial eingeführt. Das Ganze (gr. pan) ist in der Teilerscheinung erhalten und ideell anschaubar. Der aristotelische Entelechiebegriff wird im Sinne einer mereologischen Teleologie des Lebendigen abgewandelt.
Hahnemanns panenchialer Begriff vom vikariierenden Symptom kommt der griechischen Urbedeutung von gr. symptoma (sym-piptein: zusammenfallen) viel näher als der konventionelle Symptombegriff. Das Symptom ist nicht nur der Zufall, sondern im symptoma kommt es zum Zusammenfall eines gestörten Zusammenhanges in sich selbst.
Vikariation steht bei Hahnemann immer in Verbindung mit der Dimension der übersinnlich waltenden Lebenskraft. Vikariation ist für ihn ein Ausdruck der Ohnmacht der Lebenskraft, sie kann nicht mehr
als eben nur zu beschwichtigen. Hier zeigt sich der Gegensatz zwischen aufklärerischem und romantischem Welt- und Menschenbild. Hahnemann war Anhänger des Deismus. Die physiologische Lebenskraft ist göttlich eingerichtet worden, aber in der Pathologie muss sie versagen, so der Plan des deistisch aufgefassten Uhrmachergottes. Der aufgeklärte Arzt muss ihr zu Hilfe kommen, das ist der finale Sinn des Symptoms.
Es gab keine bewusste Rezeption und Assimilation und dennoch ist die ganze Entwicklung der klassischen Homöopathie von der Heringschen Regel (umgekehrter Metaschematismus) bis zum hierarchischen Schichtenmodell Vithoulkas´ durch die Lehre von Vikariation und Metaschematismus geprägt.
Die meisten – sogar klassischen – Homöopathen lehnen das Vikariationsprinzip als unzeitgemäß ab. Sie gehen davon aus, dass der evidente Maßstab der modernen Homöopathie-Kritik die Schulmedizin mit den Ergebnissen der Naturwissenschaft sei, was hermeneutisch unzulässig ist.
Das Denken in dialektischen Zusammenhängen ist der modernen Medizin fremd, sie denkt immer wirkursächlich. Vikariation ist aber ein akausales Phänomen. Es gibt zwei Berührungspunkte zur Anthroposophischen Medizin: 1. Der Dislokationsgedanke. Er besagt: Das Richtige – der physiologische Prozess – verlagert sich an eine falsche – unphysiologische – Stelle, er ist disloziert. Nur fehlt diesem Gedanken aber die Sinndimension: Warum verlagert sich etwas, was will der Organismus damit?
2. Der therapeutische Vikariationsgedanke: Das homöopathische Mittel vikariiert die Symptomatik des Patienten. Die Symptomatik wird durch das stellvertretende ähnliche Mittel überflüssig, der
Organismus kann sich befreien. Auch Hahnemann hat zeitweise so gedacht, um das Ähnlichkeitsprinzip zu erklären.
Das homöopathische Mittel setzt die unzureichenden Vikariationsbemühungen des Organismus fort, ersetzt sie, die ihm ähnlich sind, und vollendet sie. Heilung heißt: es kommt zur Vikariation der Vikariation.Vicariation and metaschematism, representative – vicarious – symptoms and the transformation of disease processes, these are terms of a bygone medical epoch (18th and 19th centuries). Samuel Hahnemann (1755 – 1834), the founder of modern homeopathy, tried to use them to open up the dialectical relationship between illness and symptom. After decades of research into infectious chronic diseases (miasms), especially syphilis, he has observed that if peripheral persistent symptoms are suppressed, the disease situation inside the organism can develop into more severe symptoms. From this he concluded that the peripheral local symptom has a representative (vicarious) function for the whole central disease. It is thereby appeased and its progress stopped. Its elimination leads to metaschematism (change of shape) of the symptomatology in the sense of aggravation of pathology.
It is therefore necessary to treat the whole pathological context, not just the symptom. From then on, this is exactly the basis of that homeopathy, which is called classical and refers strictly to Hahnemann.
Hahnemann's approach makes the pars-pro-toto-relation fruitful for medicine. Symptoms are more than just the expression of the disease. For medical practice, the central problem of therapeutic symptom suppression and its often fatal consequences opens up.
The vicariation principle is Hahnemann's real innovative discovery. The other principles, the law of similarity (Analogy or Simile principle) and the potentiation principle, are based on the old tradition of the hermetic microcosm-macrocosmos equivalent respectively alchemy. Through Hahnemann's drug testing on healthy people, they were just empirically justified and confirmed. Only the vicariation principle is based on the intellectual life of Hahnemann's time. Pars-pro-toto-consciousness has been represented in all areas of cultural life since Leibniz's influential Monadology. First and foremost: The discovery of the hermeneutical circle of understanding was acquired by Friedrich Ast. It implies the ability to conduct analytical and synthetic research at the same time, inductively and
deductively, and to come to intuition. Goethe called this in reference to Kant: “anschauende Urteilskraft”.
Since there is no term for pars-pro-toto-relations in dynamic life processes, the term panenchy respectively panenchial was introduced. The whole (gr. pan) is preserved in the partial appearance.
The Aristotelian concept of entelechy is modified in the sense of a mereological teleology of the living.
Hahnemann's panenchial concept of the vicarious symptom comes much closer to the Greek original meaning of gr. symptoma (sym-piptein: coincide) than the conventional symptom term. The symptom is not only a sign or indication, but in symptoma there is a collapse of a disturbed connection in itself.
For Hahnemann, vicariation is always connected with the dimension of the transcendental life force, “Lebenskraft” . For him, vicariation is an expression of the powerlessness of the life force, it can do
no more than just appease. This shows the contrast between the Enlightenment and the romantic view of the world. Hahnemann was not a romantic, he was a free spirit and follower of Deism. The physiological life force has been divinely established, but in pathology it must fail, according to the plan of the deistically conceived “watchmaker God”. The enlightened doctor as His creative
representative must come to its aid. That is the final meaning of the symptom.
There was no conscious reception and assimilation and yet the whole development of classical homeopathy from Hering's rule (reverse metaschematism) to Vithoulka's hierarchical layer model is characterized by the doctrine of vicariation and metaschematism.
Most – even classical – homeopaths reject the principle of vicariation as untimely. They assume that the evident standard of modern homeopathy criticism is conventional medicine with the results of
natural science. But that`s hermeneutically inadmissible. Thinking in dialectical contexts should be important to modern medicine, which always thinks in terms of causality. However, vicariation is an
acausal phenomenon.
There are two points of contact to anthroposophical medicine: 1. The idea of dislocation. It says: The right thing – the physiological process – shifts to a wrong – unphysiological – place, it is dislocated.
But this thought lacks the dimension of meaning: Why does something shift, what does the organism want with it? 2. The therapeutic vicariation idea: The homeopathic remedy vicariates the patient's
symptoms. The symptomatology becomes superfluous by the vicarious similar means, the organism can free itself. Hahnemann also thought this way at times to explain the principle of similarity. The homeopathic remedy continues the insufficient vicarious efforts of the organism, replaces those that are similar, and completes them. Healing means: it comes to the vicariation of the vicariation
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
Author Under Sail The Imagination of Jack London, 1893-1902
No full textIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Intro -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction -- 1. Spirit Truth -- 2. From Absorption to Theatricality and Back Again -- 3. "I Will Build a New Present" -- 4. Sons as Authors -- 5. Fathers as Publishers -- 6. The Daughter as Author -- 7. Lovers as Authors -- 8. At Sea with the Family -- 9. Yellow News, Yellow Stories -- 10. The Return Home -- Notes -- Bibliography -- Index -- About Jay WilliamsIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources.Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, YYYY. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries
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