75 research outputs found
The perks of being bold: Overconfidence predicts persistence
No full textOverconfidence is a widely researched bias that most people exhibit across a broad range of domains. Most of the past research has focused on the negative, dangerous consequences of overconfidence. In the present studies, following recent work that has identified some advantages of overconfidence, we explored persistence as an additional advantage. In the present research, overconfidence is operationalized as the degree to which self-assessed performance exceeds actual performance. Performance on each task was incentivized. We examined overconfidence and persistence in three different domains: logical reasoning, creative thinking, and effort expenditure. Across two studies (Ns = 304 and 306), evidence showed that overconfidence in one’s performance predicted a greater willingness to invest time and effort in working on all three tasks. Moreover, we also explored several personality predictors of overconfidence. The results showed that narcissism, risk seeking, and pride predicted higher levels of overconfidence, though some variation existed across tasks. These results suggest that overconfidence is associated with positive gains like persistence, which is in turn associated with success and aids the acquisition of valuable resources.Submission published under a 24 month embargo labeled 'Closed Access', the embargo will last until 2020-08-01The student, Randi Vogt, accepted the attached license on 2018-07-06 at 10:23.The student, Randi Vogt, submitted this Thesis for approval on 2018-07-06 at 10:53.This Thesis was approved for publication on 2018-07-06 at 11:05.DSpace SAF Submission Ingestion Package generated from Vireo submission #12754 on 2018-09-27 at 11:36:17Made available in DSpace on 2018-09-27T16:47:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2
VOGT-THESIS-2018.pdf: 1556119 bytes, checksum: ac0e1830caa8a2beca7d9fe3b28cfc9f (MD5)
LICENSE.txt: 4207 bytes, checksum: 1c04202362383a5ff74644ca19a3297d (MD5)
Previous issue date: 2018-07-06Embargo set by: Seth Robbins for item 107892
Lift date: 2020-09-27T16:47:41Z
Reason: Author requested closed access (OA after 2yrs) in Vireo ETD systemLimited Restriction Lifted for Item 107892 on 2020-09-28T09:15:22Z
Interplay between European regulation and national policies in biodiversity conflict reconciliation
No full textSuccessful public conservation policies at various governmental levels have increased some populations of protected species to the extent that they are causing damage to human activities. As a reaction public authorities are developing biodiversity reconciliation policies. Finland and Germany have both created reconciliation policies including a package of measures like management of population, support of technical measures and compensation for damage. All these measures are affected by European policy and law, though no special reconciliation policy has been adopted at European level. This article explores the options European legislation offers and the restrictions it imposes on member states. Based on experiences with German and Finnish biodiversity reconciliation policies, the interrelationship between European and national regulation is elaborated, leading to suggestions for better coordination of reconciliation policies between different governmental levels. --Biodiversity conflict reconciliation,European regulation,fisheries and aquaculture,local damage management,nature conservation,policy instruments
The effects of fiscal consolidation in the OECD
No full textDespite the current recession in many parts of the OECD, fiscal consolidation is likely in many OECD economies in the 1990s. The author asks: is fiscal consolidation in the OECD in a period of low growth a recipe for global stagnation? In particular, what effects are likely in developing countries? The author starts with an overview of cuts in the U.S. fiscal deficit proposed by the Clinton administration and the extent to which European governments must cut fiscal deficits between now and 1997 to satisfy deficit targets in the Maastricht Treaty. How changes in fiscal policy are transmitted within an economy and between that economy and the rest of the world depends on whether those changes lead to permanent or temporary changes in government saving; whether they are implemented through government spending or taxes; and whether the taxes fall on households or firms. The main channels of transmission are through changes in: agents'expectations about future taxes, interest rates, exchange rates, and economic activity. The author uses the MSG2 multicountry models to quantify the ramifications of those changes. He concludes, among other things, that fiscal contraction in the OECD will probably lead to slower growth over the next several years. But the current and likely paths of fiscal policy are such that deficit reduction programs may have stimulating effect in the short run, as long as future fiscal contraction is credible. And fiscal deficit reduction will probably increase long-run output in the OECD through its effects on savings and investment. Finally, growth in the developing countries (at least total growth) may not be impaired at all by fiscal consolidationin the OECD. The negative effects of fiscal contraction will occur through lower net exports of non-OECD economies. For developing countries with open capital markets, the initial reduction in demand through lower exports can be offset by the reduction in interest rates following an inflow of capital from the countries with contracting fiscal policy. A significant decline in real global interest rates is likely to increase growth in developing countries that are debt-constrained, either directly (through private capital inflows) or indirectly (by relaxing the balance of payments constraint, allowing more resources to be channeled to domestic investment needs).Economic Theory&Research,Economic Stabilization,Environmental Economics&Policies,Banks&Banking Reform,Macroeconomic Management
Navigating Child-rearing with a Physical Disability: An Occupational Therapy Approach with Lived Experience
No full textParenting is a difficult occupation for anyone, but parenting with a physical disability presents additional challenges. Despite there being a similar rate of pregnancy for women with disabilities as non-disabled mothers, there is limited information available for parenting with a physical disability. The author theorized that by providing the needed educational resources on adaptive parenting, including the use of activity and environmental modifications and assistive technology, to parents with physical disabilities, knowledge of adaptive parenting would increase. This capstone incorporates a thorough literature review and is guided by the Model of Human Occupation and Human Activity Assistive Technology Model to provide education on parenting with a physical disability. Evidence-based methods along with the author\u27s personal navigation of parenting with a congenital limb deficiency served to create an educational presentation for parents with physical disabilities on adaptive parenting~ focusing on activity modifications, environmental modifications. and assistive technology. A mixed methods study with 10 participants with physical disabilities was implemented, and a Likert scale was utilized to measure agreement rating to identify outcomes of the educational presentation. Growth was shown in all statements as evidenced by a post-survey increase, exhibiting increased knowledge and effectiveness of the capstone project. The study highlighted the need for adaptive parenting resources and education, for not only patients, but also providers, and provided education on adaptations for the child-rearing tasks identified most difficult by parents with physical disabilities: Bathing, night-care, carrying the baby, and additional parenting tasks
When do special interests run rampant ? disentangling the role in banking crises of elections, incomplete information, and checks and balances
No full textThe author investigates the political determinants of government decisions that benefit special interest groups - especially government decisions to deal with banking crises. He finds that the better informed the voters, the more proximate elections, and the larger the number of political veto players ( conditional on the costs to voters of relevant policy decision), the smaller the government's fiscal transfer are to the financial sector and the less likely the government is to exercise forbearance in dealing with insolvent financial institutions. The results suggest that policies thatmight be appropriate for mitigating banking crises in the United States might be less effective in settings where voters are less informed, where elections are less competitive, and where there are fewer veto players, because in these settings checks and balances are missing. These policies include: a) Disseminating information about the costs of inefficient government decisions. b) Improving the structure of legislative regulatory oversight. c) Intervening early in insolvent banks. The author concludes that the more veto players there are, the less likely policies are to favor special interest groups (contrary to previous views). Moreover, the closer the elections, the less likely policies are to favor special interest groups.
Quality change and other influences on measures of export prices of manufactured goods
No full textMeasures of long-term trends in world export prices for manufactured goods, and in the terms of trade between manufactured goods and primary products, are sensitive to many choices in methods for weighting indexes, base periods, and (most important) changes in quality. For example: 1) wieghting products by their importance in exports to developing countries, rather than by their importance in exports to all countries, reduces the estimated rate of increase in prices for manufactured goods by about 0.1 or 0.2 percentage points a year; 2) a shift in weights from those of an early year (1963) to those of a recent year (1986) reduces the rate of increase in prices by about a third of a percentage point a year; 3) export price indexes with weights of Japanese exports grow about 0.2 to 0.4 percentage points a year less than one weighted by the U.S. export composition, with the larger difference for indexes based on 1963 weights; 4) adjusting the price index for exports of machinery and transport equipment for quality changes not accounted for in the price indexes reduces the rate of increase for those products by about one percentage point a year, and that adjustment for only those products reduces the estimated rate of increase in prices for all manufactures by about half a percentage point a year. Conservative estimates of the bias in the most commonly used measure of export prices of manufactured products - the U.N. export unit value index for manufactures - suggest that this measure overstates the long-run rise in prices for manufactured goods by more than half a percentage point a year, probably one percentage point or more. If so, there has been no long-term trend toward the prices of manufactured goods rising faster that prices for primary products. However, no conceivable estimate of bias in measures of prices for manufactured goods would reverse the picture of declining relative prices for primary products in the 1980s.Access to Markets,Markets and Market Access,Economic Theory&Research,Environmental Economics&Policies,TF054105-DONOR FUNDED OPERATION ADMINISTRATION FEE INCOME AND EXPENSE ACCOUNT
Modification of Existing Permeameters to Estimate Hydraulic Conductivity of Groundwater in Unconsolidated Sand in the Laboratory
No full textModification of Existing Permeameters to Estimate Hydraulic Conductivity of Groundwater in Unconsolidated Sand in the Laboratory is a master thesis written by Runa Aronsen Solberg in the spring of 2018. The thesis is the final work of the course TPG4920 Petroleum Engineering, Master s Thesis, at the Department of Geoscience and Petroleum at the Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU). The thesis is a continuation of the author s specialization project completed during autumn 2017. The thesis contains a total of 116 pages.
Hydraulic conductivity describes how easily a fluid is transported through a porous medium and can be estimated using several methods. A simple and cost-efficient method used to estimate hydraulic conductivity is by permeameter testing in the laboratory. It has proved to be a challenge to estimate hydraulic conductivity in the laboratory because the sample material does not represent an undisturbed "in situ" material in the field, because the grain structure of the sample is disturbed during the drilling process of groundwater wells and when transported from the well to the laboratory. The objective of this thesis is to modify 3 already existing permeameters; the Darcy-cell, the air permeameter and the liquid permeameter (the latter 2 collectively called core permeameters), to better calculate the hydraulic conductivity of groundwater in unconsolidated sand in the laboratory. The purpose of this is to obtain results for hydraulic conductivity of groundwater that can be used as an estimate of the in-situ hydraulic conductivity in unconsolidated sand in the field.
The smallest average value of hydraulic conductivity is estimated using the liquid permeameter with a value of 2,19×〖10〗^(-6) m/s, followed by the air permeameter with a value of 2,25×〖10〗^(-5) m/s. The largest value was estimated using the Darcy -cell with an average of 1,26×〖10〗^(-3) m/s. The results show that it is not possible to use the modified core permeameters to estimate the hydraulic conductivity of groundwater in unconsolidated sand. Further modifications of the setup and collection of more data is needed. The modified Darcy-cell provides the most reliable values for hydraulic conductivity, but methods of fully saturating the sample needs to be further investigated to obtain results for hydraulic conductivity of groundwater that can be used as an estimate of the in-situ hydraulic conductivity of unconsolidated sand in the field
Modification of Existing Permeameters to Estimate Hydraulic Conductivity of Groundwater in Unconsolidated Sand in the Laboratory
No full textModification of Existing Permeameters to Estimate Hydraulic Conductivity of Groundwater in Unconsolidated Sand in the Laboratory is a master thesis written by Runa Aronsen Solberg in the spring of 2018. The thesis is the final work of the course TPG4920 Petroleum Engineering, Master s Thesis, at the Department of Geoscience and Petroleum at the Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU). The thesis is a continuation of the author s specialization project completed during autumn 2017. The thesis contains a total of 116 pages.
Hydraulic conductivity describes how easily a fluid is transported through a porous medium and can be estimated using several methods. A simple and cost-efficient method used to estimate hydraulic conductivity is by permeameter testing in the laboratory. It has proved to be a challenge to estimate hydraulic conductivity in the laboratory because the sample material does not represent an undisturbed "in situ" material in the field, because the grain structure of the sample is disturbed during the drilling process of groundwater wells and when transported from the well to the laboratory. The objective of this thesis is to modify 3 already existing permeameters; the Darcy-cell, the air permeameter and the liquid permeameter (the latter 2 collectively called core permeameters), to better calculate the hydraulic conductivity of groundwater in unconsolidated sand in the laboratory. The purpose of this is to obtain results for hydraulic conductivity of groundwater that can be used as an estimate of the in-situ hydraulic conductivity in unconsolidated sand in the field.
The smallest average value of hydraulic conductivity is estimated using the liquid permeameter with a value of 2,19×〖10〗^(-6) m/s, followed by the air permeameter with a value of 2,25×〖10〗^(-5) m/s. The largest value was estimated using the Darcy -cell with an average of 1,26×〖10〗^(-3) m/s. The results show that it is not possible to use the modified core permeameters to estimate the hydraulic conductivity of groundwater in unconsolidated sand. Further modifications of the setup and collection of more data is needed. The modified Darcy-cell provides the most reliable values for hydraulic conductivity, but methods of fully saturating the sample needs to be further investigated to obtain results for hydraulic conductivity of groundwater that can be used as an estimate of the in-situ hydraulic conductivity of unconsolidated sand in the field
Recommended from our members
The interaction of parent material and eolian debris on the formation of soils in the Silverbell Desert Biome of Arizona
No full textThe objective of this study was to determine whether the properties of four soils of the Silverbell Desert Biome could be attributed solely to the parent material or alternately reflect the nature of contributions, if any, from eolian dust. The Anklam, Lajitas and Chimenea soils, classified as fine-loamy, mixed, thermic Lithic Haplargids and the Greyeagle (coarse-loamy, mixed, thermic, Lithic Torriorthent) soil formed an andesite, basalt, granite and basalt, respectively. They occur on gently sloping, stable terrain in Pima County, Arizona. The four soils were studied through field descriptions, particle size analysis, mineralogical analyses of light and heavy sand fractions and clay mineral identification. The light mineral fraction of all four soils is directly affected by the parent material and is influenced much less, if at all by eolian activities due to the larger particle sizes. It is concluded that the genesis of soils was influenced by both the underlying rock and the input of eolian particulates. (Abstract shortened with permission of author.
EELS and STEM studies of perovskite oxide heterostructures
No full textPerovskite oxide heterostructures have attracted much research interest due to a strong coupling between the local crystal structure and the functional properties. Of special interest are the interfaces of thin film systems, where novel phases can occur from this phenomena. This gives these materials a large range of functional properties, making them good candidates for use in novel device concepts like spintronics. To tailor-make devices from perovskite oxide heterostructures we need to understand their detailed structure at subnanometer scales. Transmission Electron Microscopy is an ideal tool for this due to the atomic resolution and wealth of experimental signals. In particular Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy (STEM) and Electron Energy Loss Spectroscopy (EELS) are powerful techniques to investigate the crystal and electronic structure in these materials.
EEL spectra contain a wealth of information used to examine the electronic structure of a material at the atomic level. However, EELS data is often difficult to analyse quantitatively due to its complicated spectral features. In this project, a method to quantitatively and automatically analyse EEL spectra has been developed. The method is based on the model based approach, and has been implemented in the free and open source program HyperSpy. Utilizing this method, detailed information about oxidation state and the presence of oxygen vacancies has been extracted.
From high quality atomic resolution STEM images the position of individual atomic columns is resolvable. This technique can therefore be used to investigate small structural changes in a material. Most challenging is the analysis of light elements, such as the oxygen column. As displacement of oxygen atoms is a common type of structural distortion in perovskite oxide heterostructures, there is a need for good methods to find the position and shape of oxygen columns. In this project, the program Atomap was developed to be able to automatically, accurately and robustly find the position and shape of all cation and oxygen columns.
In this work, STEM, EELS, Atomap and HyperSpy have been used to study the atomic and electronic structure of three different material systems. These have been La0.7Sr0.3MnO3 (LSMO) grown on (001)-oriented SrTiO3 (STO), LSMO grown on (111)-oriented STO and a bilayer system La0.7Sr0.3MnO3/LaFeO3 (LSMO/LFO) grown on (111)-oriented STO.
In the LSMO/STO-(001) system, analysis of STEM and EELS data revealed the presence of oxygen vacancies and a reduction in the Mn oxidation state at the interface. In co-junction with STEM-imaging, a different structural phase was observed on the LSMO side of the interface, compared to the bulk of the thin film. This phase was identified as a Brownmillerite structure with unordered oxygen vacancies, which became ordered over time.
Using STEM-EELS, chemical intermixing was studied in the heterostructures grown on (111)-oriented STO. Cation intermixing was observed on the STO interfaces. The terminating layer of the STO substrate was Sr-deficient, leading to a thin LaSrTiMnO3 layer at the interface.
When a LSMO/LFO bilayer was grown on (111)-oriented STO, structural changes were seen in both LFO and LSMO. Atomap was used to analyse the atomic structure. The position of all the atomic columns including oxygen was found, this revealed structural coupling between the LSMO and LFO.
An important consideration is potential sample damage from the electron probe. Therefore, beam damage on the perovskite oxide materials was studied by exposing the TEM sample to varying electron doses. Beam damage effects were observed in both EELS and STEM data.
Importantly, it was found that in LSMO, sample damage can occur without it being visible in the STEM images. The damaged area also extended into the region surrounding the exposed area.
This shows careful examination of potential beam damage is vital. To facilitate this, a standard method for assessing a TEM sample for beam damage susceptibility was suggested.Sammendrag:
Grenseflatestudier med elektronmikroskop
Nanomaterialer kan ha unike elektriske og magnetiske egenskaper, spesielt i grenseflatene mellom forskjellige materialer der lagene tilpasser seg hverandre ved å flytte på atomer eller elektroner.
For eksempel, kan en slik grenseflate være superledende eller magnetisk selv om de separate materialene ikke er det. Dette kan utnyttes i framtidens elektronikk. Målet for mitt prosjekt er å studere hva som skjer med atomene og elektronene i disse grenseflatene.
Et elektronmikroskop er et ideelt instrument for dette. For det første, kan man se atomene i materialet og grenseflatene. Jeg har brukt et slikt mikroskop til å ta bilder av atomene. Deretter utviklet jeg et program som automatisk finner atomene i bildene. Med dette programmet finner jeg posisjonen til alle atomene i bildene med 1 pikometers presisjon, og jeg kan se om atomene har flyttet på seg sammenlignet med de langt borte fra grenseflaten. Programmet jeg har utviklet er derfor nyttig for å studere årsaken til at nanomaterialene har unike egenskaper.
For det andre, snapper atomene i prøven til seg energi fra elektronstrålen. Ved å måle hvor mye energi hvert elektron i elektronstrålen har mistet, kan jeg finne ut hvilket grunnstoff hvert atom i bildene er og hvilken elektrisk ladning det har. Da kan jeg vite om atomene har byttet elektroner.
Jeg har funnet ut at når et tynt lag La0.7Sr0.3MnO3 legges på en sideflate av en kubisk SrTiO3-krystall, vil noen av oksygen-atomene i grenseflaten forsvinne, og Mangan får flere elektroner. Da blir grenseflaten ikke-magnetisk, men oksygenet får stor bevegelighet. Hvis La0.7Sr0.3MnO3 i stedet legges på en skråskjært flate, bytter SrTiO3 og La0.7Sr0.3MnO3 noen atomer slik at materialene blandes sammen i den tynne grenseflaten. Til slutt, hvis man legger et lag med LaFeO3 mellom disse to vil i tillegg til sammenblanding i grenseflaten, oksygen-atomene i LaFeO3 forskyves
- …
