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Hvordan virker risikopersepsjon inn på lekfolks vilje til igangsetting av hjerte-lunge-redning i Sør-Rogaland?
No full textHjerte-lunge-redning (HLR) utført av lekfolk er viktig for at mennesker med uventet hjertestans utenfor sykehus skal ha sjanse for overlevelse. Mye ressurser er brukt i mange land for å øke kunnskap om HLR, men uten at det har vist økt deltagelse. Forskning omkring HLR har i stor grad vært utført på individnivå med HLR-trening som fokus. Forskningsfunn viser at befolkningen i Sør-Rogaland er svært aktive i å yte HLR. Flere teorier er lansert som forklaringer, eksempelvis Sør-Rogaland som kunnskapssamfunn med fokus på HLR i skole og i oljerelatert industri. En antagelse for denne studien er at kontekstuelle forhold påvirker viljen til å starte HLR i en hjertestanssituasjon som kan karakteriseres som kritisk og risikofylt idet et menneske uventet er i ferd med å miste livet. Studiens problemstilling tar sikte på å undersøke hvordan risikopersepsjon virker inn på lekfolks igangsetting av HLR. Teori om opplevelse av å gi HLR, risikopersepsjon, naturlige beslutningsprosesser, usikkerhet og sosial kapital danner grunnlag for struktur og drøfting i studien.
Det ble valgt et kvalitativ design med semistrukturerte dybdeintervju av seks informanter som hadde gitt HLR til mennesker med plutselig hjertestans utenfor sykehus. Informantene hadde ulike relasjoner til hjertestansofrene som familie, bekjent og fremmed, og HLR var utført på privat og offentlig sted. Spørsmålene i intervjuguiden ble konsentrert rundt temaene verdier, kunnskap, normativ plikt, selvtillit og omgivelser. Alle informantene forventet av seg selv og andre at HLR skulle igangsettes. De anså det som en plikt, uansett hvem hjertestansofferet var. Trening og kunnskap om HLR var ingen forutsetning for å starte livredding, men tilfeldig tilegnet kunnskap om HLR ble benyttet for di informantene visste det kunne øke sjansen for overlevelse for hjertestansofferet. Kommunikasjon med medisinsk nødtelefon opplevdes som en svært viktig støtte i det å starte HLR. Informantene forventet rask respons på anmodningen deres om hjelp og på anerkjennelse av HLR-handlingen av familie og venner i ettertid av hjertestanshendelsen.
Forutsigbarhet, skapt av forventninger og tillit mellom mennesker og til samfunnsstrukturer gjennom sosial kommunikasjon og erfaring, har konsekvenser for risikopersepsjon. Positive og forutsigbare reaksjoner på HLR-handlingen faktorer som ser ut til å fremme lekfolks vilje til å starte HLR. Medmenneskelighet og ønske om å hjelpe kan bli av underordnet betydning hvis omgivelsene oppleves i stor grad som uforutsigbare
The bystander in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: Preconditions for and consequences of providing cardiopulmonary resuscitation
Get PDFBackground: Out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) is a major cause for death in the Western world. To optimise survival after OHCA incidents, health care systems depend on bystanders, who are not a part of an organised response system, to alarm the emergency medical dispatch centre and initiate cardio-pulmonary resuscitation (CPR). However, there is sparse knowledge on the preconditions that make bystanders actually perform CPR, the consequences of performing CPR for the bystanders themselves and how bystander CPR influences survival in rural and urban areas.
Aims: The aims of the current thesis were as follows: 1) to acquire more knowledge from the bystander’s perspective regarding their preparedness and the consequences of CPR provision in OHCA incidents and 2) to measure the effect of bystander CPR on patient outcomes in rural and urban areas.
Methods: The project comprises qualitative and quantitative methodologies applied in four studies. In both qualitative studies, we used semi-structured in-depth interviews to interview bystanders who had provided CPR to OHCA victims. We used a qualitative content analysis for analysing the data. The quantitative methods entailed a cross-sectional survey and an observational registry study. The data were analysed with several statistical techniques.
Results: We found that most participants were prepared to receive CPR instructions from the dispatcher, but not aware of the assistance given in deciding whether to initiate CPR or not. Acting as responsible community citizens, trusting assistance from dispatchers, possessing the willingness and ability to provide CPR and being able to comprehend the severity of the OHCA incident were factors important for overcoming barriers to providing CPR. However, providing CPR was emotionally challenging for the bystanders, with consequences for both family and work life. Bystanders who had provided CPR described alsopersistent mental recurrences concerning the outcome of the cardiac arrest victim and unknown or fatal outcomes caused feelings of guilt and were particularly difficult to handle. In patients who received bystander CPR before EMS arrival, the odds of survival to hospital discharge increased more than threefold. However, bystander CPR was associated with survival only for patients in urban areas. OHCA survival was higher in urban compared to rural areas, and the effect of modifiable factors, like bystander CPR, differed between urban and rural areas. Conclusion: In OHCA incidents, a mutual trust between community citizens and social institutions seems to be a precondition for bystander CPR provision. To overcome the natural reluctance to provide CPR, support and instructions from emergency medical dispatchers is of vital importance. This support is expected by the public, particularly in the form of CPR instructions. When bystanders establish a causal relationship between the provided CPR and patient outcome, this may cause serious and persistent distress. We also found that bystander CPR drastically increases the chance of survival in OHCA incidents. However, the effect of bystander CPReems to differ between rural and urban areas
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
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