1,720,963 research outputs found
MENELISIK TINDAK PIDANA YANG BERKAITAN DENGAN KERAHASIAAN INTELIJEN NEGARA
No full textTindak pidana yang terkait dengan intelijen negara telah diatur dalam KUHP dan Undang-undang Nomor 17 Tahun 2011 tentang Intelijen Negara. Pengaturan dalam KUHP bersifat umum terbingkai dalam bab yang terkait dengan kejahatan terhadap keamanan negara dan bab yang terkait dengan membuka rahasia negara. Sedangkan pengaturan dalam UU Intelijen Negara bersifat khusus yang diatur dalam Pasal 44, 45, 46 dan 47. Pidana maksimal yang dapat dijatuhkan adalah 10 tahun penjara dan dapat ditambah 1/3 jika dilakukan oleh intelijen negara dalam keadaan perang. Ada beberapa kelemahan yuridis pengaturan tindak pidana terkait intelijen negara tersebut, sehingga perlu ada pembenahan dalam kebijakan formulasi pada masa yang akan datang. Pembaharuan tersebut terkait dengan kualifikasi delik, pengaturan terkait permufakatan jahat, pengaturan pidana jika tidak dibayar oleh korporasi. Kata kunci: tindak pidana, intelijen negara
Potret Buram Positivisme Hukum: Sebuah Telaah Terhadap Kasus-Kasus Kecil yang Menciderai Rasa Keadilan Masyarakat
Full text linkThe Founding Fathers pada awal kemerdekaan telah menyepakati bentuk negara yaitu negara yang berdasarkan pada hukum (rechstaat). Hal tersebut ditegaskan kembali dalam Undang-Undang Dasar 1945 Amandemen Pasal 1 ayat (3) yang menyatakan bahwa negara Indonesia adalah negara hukum. Hukum disini adalah hukum yang berdasarkan Pancasila, dimana hukum tidak dimaknai sebagai ilmu positivistik belaka akan tetapi lebih pada ilmu tentang kemasyarakatan. Akan tetapi nampaknya pemahaman holistik terhadap hukum dewasa ini sudah keluar dari jalur cita-cita pendirian bangsa ini. Banyaknya kasus yang menciderai rasa keadilan masyarakat seperti kasus minah, kasus manise dan kasus prita yang menyita perhatian publik beberapa waktu yang lalu menjadi potret buram penegakan hukum yang positivistik legalistik. Positivisme hukum seakan menggelinding liar ketengah-tengah pemahaman para aparat penegak hukum yang menciderai rasa keadilan masyarakat. Hukum bukanlah suatu hal yang mati akan tetapi hukum selalu bergerak dinamis dan mengikuti perkembangan zaman. Kasus-kasus kecil seperti kasus minah, manise dan prita adalah contoh kecil dari liarnya penegakan hukum berparadigma positivistik legalistik tanpa ada yang bisa mengendalikan bahkan pemikiran positivistik legalistik ini telah mengakar pada hakim sebagai aparat pemutus pada peradilan. Secara hukum positif, polisi, jaksa, dan hakim tidak dapat dipersalahkan karena hanya memenuhi rumusan Undang-Undang yang tidak memberikan kesempatan pada aparat penegak hukum untuk berbuat sesuai nurani. Walaupun hakim diberi kebebasan sesuai hati nurani akan tetapi apabila terbentur dengan bukti yang sudah lengkap, tidak alas an bagi hakim untuk memutuskan. Disisi lain masyarakat sebagai obyek hukum merasa terusik rasa keadilannya dengan keputusan hakim yang menyatakan minah dan prita bersalah. Sehingga perlu dilakukan upaya penegakan hukum progresif dan dibarengi dengan pembenahan sistem hukum pidana baik dalam segi substansi, struktur maupun budaya hukum
Kewenangan Mahkamah Pidana Internasional (ICC) dalam Mengeluarkan Surat Perintah Penangkapan terhadap Non-Anggota Statuta Roma: Studi Kasus Perintah Penangkapan Benjamin Netanyahu (The International Criminal Court (ICC) Jurisdiction: Arrest Warrants Beyond Rome Statute States, a Netanyahu Analysis)
No full textArmed conflict has driven the evolution of International Humanitarian Law (IHL) to minimize suffering, yet severe violations persist, necessitating effective enforcement mechanisms like the International Criminal Court (ICC), established by the Rome Statute in 1998. The ICC holds jurisdiction over individuals responsible for genocide, crimes against humanity, war crimes, and the crime of aggression. This article analyzes the ICC\u27s jurisdiction over non-member states of the Rome Statute and the validity of the warrant of arrest issued against leaders from such states, specifically Benjamin Netanyahu, Prime Minister of Israel. Although Israel is not a state party, the ICC can assert jurisdiction if the alleged crimes occurred in the territory of a state party or if the situation is referred by the UN Security Council, in line with the principle of complementarity. The issuance of the warrant of arrest against Netanyahu on May 20, 2024, was based on Article 58 of the Rome Statute following alleged war crimes and crimes against humanity in Gaza, a territory of Palestine (a state party to the Rome Statute), providing a strong legal basis. However, its implementation faces political challenges and rejection from some member states, which could violate their obligations under Article 86 of the Rome Statute
The Critical Study of Criminal System for Death Row Convicts Who Have Not Been Executed After the Enactment of National Criminal Code
Full text linkThis article discusses the fate of death row inmates who have not been executed after the enactment of the National Criminal Code. The writing of this article uses a non-doctrinal legal method with a qualitative approach, this study uses primary and secondary data, and triangulation techniques. The focus of the research includes three problem formulations regarding the death row inmate punishment system after the enactment of the National Criminal Code, policies for death row inmates who have not been executed, and alternative policies that can be applied. The results of the study indicate that the National Criminal Code provides a 10-year probation period and the opportunity for sentence commutation for convicts who demonstrate good behavior. This policy reflects reforms in the Indonesian criminal system with an emphasis on rehabilitation and protection of human rights. The writing of this article is expected to contribute to the development of a more humane criminal law policy
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Establishing Indonesia’s Personal Data Protection Agency: Comparative Administration Sanctions Enforcement from Ireland, Australia, and Singapore
No full textIn the digital era, technological advancements have enabled governments and corporations to streamline services and expand market reach, often leading to the collection and transfer of personal data without the knowledge of data subjects. This poses significant risks to constitutional rights. Indonesia’s Law Number 27 of 2022 concerning Personal Data Protection (PDP Law) aims to address these risks, yet frequent data breaches indicate ineffective enforcement of administrative sanctions due to the absence of an independent authority. This study analyzes the urgency of establishing a Personal Data Protection Agency in Indonesia, evaluates current sanctions under the PDP Law, and compares the enforcement mechanisms of data protection agencies in Ireland, Australia, and Singapore. Using a normative legal approach with qualitative methods, the research finds that these countries’ independent agencies effectively enforce data protection laws and administrative sanctions. The study reveals significant enforcement shortcomings in Indonesia, underscoring the need for a dedicated authority to prevent violations and protect personal data rights. By adopting best practices from Ireland, Australia, and Singapore, Indonesia can enhance its data protection framework. Immediate action by the President to establish this authority through a Presidential Regulation is crucial for safeguarding personal data in the digital age
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
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