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Penetapan Kadar Glibenklamid dan Metabolitnya 4-Trans-Hidroksiglibenklamid Secara Spektrofotometri Ultraviolet Mean Centering Of Ratio Spectra (Mcr) dalam Plasma Kelinci (Oryctolagus cuniculus)
No full textGlibenclamide is a second generation sulfonylurea derivative that is used as
one of the oral antidiabetic drugs (ADO). is 4-trans-hydroxyglibenclamide is the
main metabolite of glibenclamide which also has a hypoglycemic effect. Drugs
and their metabolites have a high possibility of causing hypoglycemia, so it is
important to monitor drug levels in the blood or Therapeutic Drug Monitoring
(TDM). Drugs and their metabolites have similar chemical structures so they are
in an overlapping state. The aim of this study was to develop a spectrophotometric
method using mean centering ratio spectra (MCR) to determine the levels of
glibenclamide and 4-trans-hydroxyglibenclamide in rabbit plasma simultaneously,
without any separation.
This study used six rabbits with an average body weight of ± 2 kg and blood
samples were drawn every hour for four hours after drug administration.
Determination with this method is carried out in stages, namely making each
absorption spectrum, making a ratio absorption spectrum, and making an MCR
absorption spectrum. Then the validity was tested based on the validation
parameters, namely linearity, LOD, LOQ, accuracy and precision. Then, this
method was applied to determine the levels of glibenclamide and 4-trans hydroxyglibenclamide in rabbit plasma.
The results showed that the MCR application for assay was carried out at
301 nm and 336 nm for glibenclamide and 4-trans-hydroxyglibenclamide, with
the highest concentrations of glibenclamide being 1,528 g/ml and 4-trans hydroxyglibenclamide 2,066 g/ml. The obtained validation parameters are
eligible.
The conclusion is that the MCR method meets the validation requirements,
there has not been a breakdown reaction of glibenclamide into its metabolite 4-
trans hydroxyglibenclamide at 1 hour after drug administration, and the
bioanalytic MCR method can be used to determine the levels of glibenclamide
and its metabolite 4-trans hydroxyglibenclamide in rabbit plasma.145 HalamanTesis Magiste
FORMULATION AND EVALUATION OF MICONAZOLE NITRATE NANOEMULSION AND CREAM
Full text link Objective: The present study is to determine the evaluation profile of the preparations nanoemulsion and cream of miconazole nitrate.Methods: Preparation of nanoemulsi with concentrations 1%, 1.5%, and 2% using the principle of low-energy emulsification and miconazole nitrate cream was then performed physical evaluation of the preparation which included organoleptic test, pH measurement, viscosity test, emulsion type, cycling test, centrifugation test, particle size measurement with particle size analyzer, and homogeneity test of cream preparations.Result: Based on organoleptic test, it can be seen that the miconazole nitrate nanoemulsion preparations produced are clear, colored weak yellow, and the cream is white. The average pH of the nanoemulsion preparations ranged from 6.01 to 6.25, while the cream preparations were 5.95–6.52. The average viscosity values of nanoemulsion preparations were 1707 cps, 1920 cps, and 1987 cps, respectively. In the cycling test, the nanoemulsion preparation remained weak yellow and odorless, and the cream preparation remained white and did not experience phase separation. In the centrifugation test, the nanoemulsion preparation and the cream were centrifuged at a rate of 3800 for 5 h, after centrifugation tests, both the nanoemulsing and cream preparations did not show any phase separation, in the nanoemulsion preparation possibly due to the high viscosity of the preparation. On the type nanoemulsi test, by dripping methylene blue on the formula. After observed, the blue methylene is evenly dispersed into the formula, indicating that all four formulas have an oil-in-water emulsion type (o/w). The particle size of the nanoemulsion preparation ranged from 102.36 nm to 309.11 nm.Conclusion: The results of evaluation of miconazole nitrate nanoemulsion preparations were better than cream preparations.</jats:p
CYTOPROTECTIVE ACTIVITY OF ETHANOL FRACTION OF COLEUS AMBOINICUS LOUR. LEAVES AGAINST VERO CELLS INDUCED BY H2O2
Full text link Objective: The objective of this study is to assess the cytoprotective activity of Coleus amboinicus Lour. leaves ethanol fraction (EtF) in Vero cells which induced by hydrogen peroxide (H2O2).Methods: Cytoprotective activity was determined using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) method, apoptosis activity was analyzed by flow cytometry, and expression of radical spesies oxygen (ROS) was observed by imunocytochemistry.Result: The EtF (100 μg/mL) was showed the highest percent viability 74.42±0.28% using MTT method. Furthermore, the EtF was increased viability of Vero cell after induced with 0.8 mM H2O2 and EtF was decreased the expression of ROS.Conclusion: Based on the description, EtF has cytoprotective activity towards Vero cells which induced by 0.8 mM H2O2 .</jats:p
IN VITRO ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF THE ETHANOLIC EXTRACT OF JALOH (SALIX TETRASPERMA ROXB.) LEAVES AGAINST STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS AND PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA
Full text linkObjective: This study aims to determine antibacterial activity of ethanolic extract of jaloh (Salix tetrasperma Roxb.) leaves against Staphylococcus aureus (SA) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA).Methods: Extract was obtained by maceration method of jaloh (S. tetrasperma Roxb.) leaves dried powder with 96% ethanol as solvent. The antibacterial activities of extract were tested by Kirby–Bauer method against SA and PA. Data were analyzed statistically using Kruskal–Wallis test for significant difference level p<0.05.Results: Based on the regression test, the equation of regression curve of extract antibacterial activity on SA and PA, respectively, was y=350.456x-229.579 and y=331.866x-272.069. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of SA and PA from the equation of regression curve, respectively, were 4.5193 and 6.6039 mg/mL.Conclusion: Based on the MIC value, ethanolic jaloh leaves extract had a weak antibacterial activity against SA and PA.</jats:p
Organic and Inorganic Analysis of Rhaphidophora pinnata (l.f.) Schott Water Extract
Full text linkBACKGROUND: Rhaphidophora pinnata (L.f.) Schott is one of the Indonesian plants, has known as a medicinal plant. This plant is a vine; round stems have sticky roots and hanging roots. The leaves have been used as traditional anticancer in Singapore. Indonesian people have also used R. pinnata plants as a diuretic agent, anticancer and antibacterial. R. pinnata plants contain active substances from alkaloid compounds, flavonoids, saponins, tannins and triterpenoids/steroids.
AIM: The purpose of this study was to determine the organic and inorganic content of Rhaphidophora pinnata (L.f.) Schott water extract in the form of fresh leaves, micro simplicia and nano simplicia.
METHOD: The collected R. pinnata leaves are drained and grinded to make micro, and nano Simplicia powder of R. pinnata leaves. The size characterisation of R. pinnata leaves was analysing using Particles Size Analyzer. The water extract of R. pinnata leaves, micro simplicia, and nano simplicia R. pinnata leaves was made 10% (w / v) in water. Phytochemical screening of nano simplicia and nano simplicia water extract included an examination of alkaloid compounds, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, glycosides, and steroids/triterpenoids. Thin-layer chromatography analysis of water extract was analysed using TLC scanner. The element that contains in the water extract was analysed using atomic absorption spectrophotometry methods.
RESULT: The results of phytochemical screening of nano simplicia powder and nano simplicia water extract showed the presence of flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins, tannins, and glycosides. Eluent, which shows good elution is n-butanol: acetic acid: water (6: 2: 2). This eluent is used to elute polar and semipolar compounds and is very good for separating flavonoids. R. pinnata water extract contains the minerals potassium, sodium, magnesium and calcium.
CONCLUSION: R. pinnata water extract contains organic compounds in the form of flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins, tannins, and glycosides. The nano simplicia water extract showed more chemical content than other water extracts on the TLC plate by detection at a wavelength of 250 nm and 300 nm. The most element content in R. pinnata water extract is potassium, followed by magnesium, sodium, and calcium
Antibacterial Activity Of Daemonorops Draco (Willd) Blume Fruit Ethanol Extract Against Some Bacterial Pathogens
Full text linkDaemonorops draco (Willd.) Blume fruit has been used as a traditional medicine which is well-known as an antiseptic, stimulates blood circulation, anti-microbial, anti-viral, anti-tumor, wound medicine, diarrhea, fractures, gonorrhea, minor burns and others. Daemonorops draco (Willd.) Blume belonging to the Arecaceae tribe contains a class of chemical compounds such as alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, steroids/triterpenoids, and glycosides. Flavonoid compounds, saponins and tannins are chemical compounds that have potential as antibacterial and antiviral. This study aims to determine the characteristics of simplicia, phytochemical screening, antibacterial activity test of the ethanol extract of Daemonorops draco (Willd.) Blume fruit.Simplicia characterization includes organoleptic, macroscopic, microscopic examination, determination of water content. Extraction was carried out by maceration using ethanol as a solvent. Phytochemical screening was carried out on simplicia powder, fruit ethanol extract Daemonorops draco (Willd.) Blume, assay of antibacterial activity of extract using diffusion methodagar by observing the zone of inhibition against several test bacteria: Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Salmonella thypi. The results of simplicia characterization obtained water content of 4.65%. The results of the phytochemical screening test of simplicia and ethanolic extracts contained groups of alkaloids, flavonoids, glycosides, saponins, tannins, steroids/triterpenoids. Having the highest antibacterial activity was ethanol extract from Gram positive Staphylococcus aureus bacteria followed by Gram negative bacteria Escherichia coli and Salmonella thypi at a concentration of 500 mg/ml with an effective inhibitory diameter of 15.5 mm, Escherichia coli at 14.3 mm, Salmonella typhi at 14, 8 mm
Aktivitas Antibakteri Ekstrak Etanol Herba Cyperus Rotundus L. Terhadap Escherichia Coli dan Staphylococcus Aureus
Full text linkRumput teki (Cyperus rotundus L.) family Cyperaceae dikenal sebagai gulma yang mengandung metabolit sekunder yang berpotensi sebagai antibakteri. Data ilmiah pada bagian herba rumput teki masih terbatas. Penelitian ini menganalisis aktivitas antibakteri ekstrak etanol terhadap Escherichia coli dan Staphylococcus aureus. Ekstraksi herba rumput teki (Cyperus rotundus L.) dilakukan dengan cara maserasi menggunakan pelarut etanol. Uji aktivitas antibakteri dilakukan secara in vitro menggunakan metode difusi dengan konsentrasi 400, 300, 200, 100, 50, 40, 30, 20, 10, 5, 2.5, dan 2 mg/mL serta penentuan konsentrasi hambat minimum (KHM). Hasil menunjukkan kadar air pada simplisia herba rumput teki (Cyperus rotundus L.) sebesar 6,63%. Skrining fitokimia menunjukkan ekstrak etanol mengandung alkaloid, flavonoid, saponin, tanin, glikosida, serta steroid/triterpenoid. Hasil uji menunjukkan ekstrak etanol herba rumput teki memiliki aktivitas antibakteri yang efektif pada konsentrasi 400 mg/mL dengan zona hambat 14.6 ± 0.07 mm untuk Escherichia coli dan 13.2 ± 0.07 mm untuk Staphylococcus aureus. Konsentrasi hambat minimum (KHM) ekstrak etanol herba rumput teki terhadap terhadap Escherichia coli dan Staphylococcus aureus diperoleh pada konsentrasi 2,5 mg/mL. Penelitian ini mendukung bahwa herba rumpu teki (Cyperus rotundus L.) berpotensi sebagai sumber antibakteri alami
ASSESSMENT OF PHYSICOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES AND PHYTOCHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS ALONG WITH ANTIBACTERIAL POTENTIAL OF TARENNA POLYCARPA LEAF FRACTIONS
Full text link Objective: The aim was to investigate the physicochemical analysis, preliminary phytochemical screening and further evaluation of its antibacterial activity from morbesi-besi (Tarenna polycarpa) leaf ethyl acetate and hexane fractions (HF).Methods: The physicochemical parameters were carried out as per the World Health Organization (WHO) guideline from its ethanolic extract. The phytochemical screening was performed as per Indonesia Pharmacopoeia and conventional method on its ethyl acetate and HF. Ethyl acetate and HF at different concentration were evaluated using agar well diffusion assay.Result: The plant was found to be free from contaminations. Morbesi-besi leaf fractions are composed of flavonoids, glycosides, saponins, tannins, steroids, and triterpenoids. The phytochemical screening showed only ethyl acetate of lotus leaf extract contains the flavonoids. The antibacterials assay showed that ethyl acetate fraction was better than HF from the inhibition zone.Conclusion: From the outcomes of this study, morbesi-besi leaf (T. polycarpa) possess potential antibacterial activity.</jats:p
OPTIMIZATION AND EVALUATION OF TOPICAL KETOCONAZOLE NANOEMULSION
Full text link Objective: The present study is to formulate and optimization of surfactant, cosurfactant, and oil of ketoconazole nanoemulsion.Methods: Ketoconazole was dissolved in surfactant, cosurfactant, and oil until saturated, clear solution extracted with methanol, its absorbance was measured using a UV spectrophotometer at 243 nm. Comparisons of surfactants, cosurfactants, and oils are variously varied. Formulation method was performed using spontaneous nanoemulsion method.Results: Surfactants, cosurfactants, and oils used for the nanoemulsion formula are tween 80, ethanol, and isopropyl myristate (IPM). Formulation of ketoconazole nanoemulsion with comparison of tween 80 concentration with ethanol (smix) 4:1 and smix with oil 9:1 was found that the formulae F1, F2, F3, F4, F5, F6, and F7 are unstable and the formulae F8, F9, F10, F11, and F12 are stable at the period of manufacture. The best physical stability tests from F8, F9, F10, F11, and F12 are F10.Conclusions: Optimization of ketoconazole nanoemulsion formula was obtained at Tween 80, 36% concentration, 9% ethanol, and IPM 5%
Aktivitas, Mekanisme Kerja Antijamur dan Profil Bioautografi Antioksidan Dari Beberapa Ekstrak Daun Mimba (Azadirachta indica A. Juss)
Full text linkInfeksi jamur merupakan penyakit kulit yang banyak dialami oleh masyarakat dan umumnya disebabkan oleh jamur. Salah satu penyebab penyakit jamur disebabkan oleh jamur golongan Candida albicans dan Pityrosporum ovale. Penggunaan antijamur sintetik memiliki keterbatasan sehingga dibutuhkan pengobatan dengan menggunakan bahan alam. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui aktivitas, mekanisme kerja antijamur serta mengidentifikasi profil bioautografi senyawa antioksidan. Metode yang digunakan adalah uji difusi agar untuk memperoleh zona hambat, uji sintesa protein dan asam nukleat, perubahan permeabilitas membran sel serta mengidentifikasi senyawa aktif antioksidan menggunakan reagen DPPH. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa tiap peningkatan konsentrasi ekstrak daun mimba mampu memberikan diameter zona hambat pada kategori sedang-kuat. Hasil analisa mekanisme kerja antijamur menunjukkan bahwa esktrak daun mimba dapat mempengaruhi sintesa asam nukleat pada panjang gelombang 260 nm, sintesa protein pada panjang gelombang 280 nm serta merusak permeabilitas membran sel dengan kebocoran mineral ion kalium pada panjang gelombang 422,7 nm dan mineral ion kalsium pada panjang gelombang 766,5 nm. Hasil bioautografi antioksidan menunjukkan bahwa pada ekstrak etil asetat daun mimba terdapat bercak noda berwarna kuning yang dapat diketahui nilai Rf
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