1,721,064 research outputs found
On the neural control of social emotional behavior
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77451.pdf (Publisher’s version ) (Open Access)It is known that the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) is crucially involved in emotion regulation. However, the specific role of the OFC in controlling the behavior evoked by these emotions, such as approach–avoidance (AA) responses, remains largely unexplored. We measured behavioral and neural responses (using fMRI) during the performance of a social task, a reaction time (RT) task where subjects approached or avoided visually presented emotional faces by pulling or pushing a joystick, respectively. RTs were longer for affect-incongruent responses (approach angry faces and avoid happy faces) as compared to affect-congruent responses (approach–happy; avoid–angry). Moreover, affect-incongruent responses recruited increased activity in the left lateral OFC. These behavioral and neural effects emerged only when the subjects responded explicitly to the emotional value of the faces (AA-task) and largely disappeared when subjects responded to an affectively irrelevant feature of the faces during a control (gender evaluation: GE) task. Most crucially, the size of the OFC-effect correlated positively with the size of the behavioral costs of approaching angry faces. These findings qualify the role of the lateral OFC in the voluntary control of social–motivational behavior, emphasizing the relevance of this region for selecting rule-driven stimulus–response associations, while overriding automatic (affect-congruent) stimulus–response mappings
Structure and function of the social brain in primates
Full text linkSocial abilities differ between primate species, with some thought to be specifically human, such as theory of mind (TOM). It has been argued that brain expansion and reorganisation throughout the primate evolutionary history has accompanied these differences (reviewed in chapter 1). In this thesis, we aimed to characterise how the primate social brain function and anatomy have evolved to shed light onto the evolutionary roots of the human social brain. We tackled this goal with a comparative approach and using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). First, we designed a novel functional MRI experiment testing for the computational properties underlying TOM in the macaque brain in chapter 2. Our results showed that, as the temporo-parietal junction (TPJ) in humans, a middle superior temporal sulcus (midSTS) area in macaques can support TOM computations. We suggest that the macaque midSTS could have undergone reorganisation and specialisation as a precursor for the human TPJ. Then, in chapter 3, we investigated the architecture of the white matter temporal lobe underlying its cortical expansion and reorganisation from macaques to humans. By integrating several great ape species, we were able to suggest a stepwise evolutionary trajectory for the connectivity of the temporal lobe. We further characterised the evolution of primate brain organisation in chapter 4, by establishing a common methodology to study lemurs, squirrel monkeys and macaques. We identified a simian fronto-parietal and temporo-parietal elaboration in terms of cortical and connectivity expansion. In chapter 5, we set out to expand our understanding of the ontogeny of the macaque brain organisation by exploring the changes observed throughout their lifespan. We pinpointed a period in their early life where most of the changes occurs and revealed connectivity refinement throughout their life. Overall, this thesis suggests an evolutionary trajectory for the primate social brain (chapter 6) and paves the way for further investigation
Accelerating the Evolution of Nonhuman Primate Neuroimaging
No full textNonhuman primate neuroimaging is on the cusp of a transformation, much in the same way its human counterpart was in 2010, when the Human Connectome Project was launched to accelerate progress. Inspired by an open data-sharing initiative, the global community recently met and, in this article, breaks through obstacles to define its ambitions
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Frames of reference in human social decision making
Full text linkThis chapter argues that understanding the frame of reference in which neural activity changes is fundamental to understanding the function of that activity. It discusses how social influences modify action selection and cognitive control. It then argues that socially derived rewards and decision values activate portions of the ventral striatum and ventromedial prefrontal cortex. The chapter also discusses studies that use the reinforcement learning (RL) model in tracking the behavior of a partner in a socially interactive setting
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
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