1,721,095 research outputs found
The Quality of Ideas: Measuring Innovation with Multiple Indicators
Full text linkWe model early expectations about the value and technological importance ('quality') of a patented innovation as a latent variable common to a set of four indicators: the number of patent claims, forward citations, backward citations and family size. The model is estimated for four technology areas using a sample of about 8000 U.S. patents applied for during 1960-91. We measure how much noise' each individual indicator contains and construct a more informative, composite measure of quality. The variance in quality', conditional on the four indicators, is just one-third of the unconditional variance. We show the variance reduction generated by subsets of indicators, and find forward citations to be particularly important. Our measure of quality is significantly related to subsequent decisions to renew a patent and to litigate infringements. Using patent and R&D data for 100 U.S. manufacturing firms, we find that adjusting for quality removes much of the apparent decline in research productivity (patent counts per R&D) observed at the aggregate level.
An Exploration into the Determinants of Research Intensity
Full text linkThis paper explores the economic factors which determine the variation of research effort across firms. The intra-industry coefficient of variation of research intensity is much larger than those of traditional factors. We show that this important fact is consistent with the theoretical argument that knowledge possesses unique economic characteristics, and that the demand for research depends both on the parameters of the production function for knowledge and on the ability of the firm to appropriate the benefits from the knowledge it produces. We propose and implement a framework for decomposing the observed intra-industry variance In research intensity into three components: demand inducement, a firm-specific structural parameter, and errors in the observed variables. The main empirical findings are that errors in the variables (especially research) are important, that very little of the structural variance in research intensity is accounted for by demand inducement, and that the bulk of the variance is related to differences in the firm-specific parameter. Both the theoretical and empirical analysis indicate that it is not reasonable to treat the demand for research in a manner analogous to the demand for traditional inputs, including capital. Substantially richer models are required to provide insight into the structure of incentives driving the demand for research.
Harnessing success: incentives for invention and technology transfer in universities
No full textMark Schankerman investigates the motivations for producing new, commercially valuable, scientific knowledg
Improving Access to Psychological Therapy: Initial Evaluation of the Two Demonstration Sites
Full text linkThe Government's Improving Access to Psychological Therapy (IAPT) programme aims to implement NICE Guidance for people with depression and anxiety disorders. In the first phase of the programme, two demonstration sites were established in Doncaster and Newham with funding to provide increased availability of cognitive-behaviour therapy-based (CBT) services to those in the community who need them. The services opened in late summer 2006. This paper documents the achievements of the sites up to September 2007 (roughly their first year of operation) and makes recommendations for the future roll out of IAPT services.Cognitive Behavioural Therapy, CBT, Psychological therapy, Evaluation, Cost benefit analysis, IAPT
Valeur et obsolescence des brevets : une analyse des statistiques de renouvellement des brevets européens
No full textThe rate of obsolescence and the distribution
Of patent values : some evidence from european patent
Renewals
Mark Schankerman, Ariel Pakes
This paper presents econometric estimates of the rate of obsolescence and the distribution of the private value of holding patents. The estimates are derived by combining information on patent renewals and renewal fees in Europeen countries with a simple economic model of the renewal decision of patent holders. The model is applied to two sets of data the first covering four European countries during the period 1930-1939, and the second including all patent applications mode in France during 1950-1979. Two principal empirical findings emerge. First, the private rate of obsolescence is high, both from the prewar and the post-war data. Second, the distribution of the value of holding patents is sharply skewed to the right. More broadly, the results suggest the potential use of patent renewal data for measuring the value of patent rights in different sectors and countries and over time.Cette étude est une tentative pour estimer le taux d'obsolescence des revenus rapportés par un brevet, ainsi que la distribution de ces revenus. Les estimations sont fondées sur un modèle simple de renouvellement des brevets et sur deux ensembles de données :. le premier pour quatre pays européens sur les années 1930-1939, le second plus détaillé pour la France entre 1950 et 1979. On trouve principalement que le taux d'obsolescence des brevets est très élevé, aussi bien avant-qu'après-guerre, et que la valeur économique des brevets a une distribution très asymétrique, la plupart des brevets n'ayant qu'une valeur économique très faible. Les statistiques de renouvellement des brevets apparaissent ainsi comme une source d'information intéressante sur la distribution de leurs valeurs, pouvant permettre notamment des comparaisons entre pays et secteurs, et entre différentes périodes.Schankerman Mark, Pakes Ariel. Valeur et obsolescence des brevets : une analyse des statistiques de renouvellement des brevets européens. In: Revue économique, volume 36, n°5, 1985. pp. 917-942
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Book Review - Is Open-Source Software the Answer?
No full textREVIEW OF The Comingled Code: Open Source and Economic Development , By Josh Lerner and Mark Schankerman, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2010, 264 pp
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
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