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New Aspects Of Nanopharmaceutical Delivery Systems
No full textNanobiotechnology, involving biological systems manufactured at the molecular level, is a multidisciplinary field that has fostered the development of nanoscaled pharmaceutical delivery devices. Micelles, liposomes, solid lipid nanoparticles, polymeric nanoparticles, functionalized nanoparticles, nanocrystals, cyclodextrins, dendrimers, nanotubes and metallic nanoparticles have been used as strategies to deliver conventional pharmaceuticals or substances such as peptides, recombinant proteins, vaccines and nucleotides. Nanoparticles and other colloidal pharmaceutical delivery systems modify many physicochemical properties, thus resulting in changes in the body distribution and other pharmacological processes. These changes can lead to pharmaceutical delivery at specific sites and reduce side effects. Therefore, nanoparticles can improve the therapeutic efficiency, being excellent carriers for biological molecules, including enzymes, recombinant proteins and nucleic acid. 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Nanobiotechnology Perspectives. Role Of Nanotechnology In The Food Industry: A Review
No full textNanotechnology is becoming increasingly important for the food sector. Promising results and applications are already being developed in the areas of nutrient delivery systems through bioactive nanoencapsulation, biosensors to detect and quantify pathogens organic compounds, other chemicals and food composition alteration, and even edible film to preserve fruit or vegetables. This article reviews the application and the benefits of nanotechnology in different areas of food industry that include bioactive nanoencapsulation, edible thin film, packages and nanosensors. 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Exploitation Of Aspergillus Niger For Synthesis Of Silver Nanoparticles
No full textExtracellular biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles by Aspergillus niger isolated from soil is being reported in the present paper. The production of silver nanoparticles was evidenced by UV-vis spectrum, showing the absorbance at 420 nm (Perkin Elmer Lambda-25). The nanoparticles characterized by Transmission Electron Microscopy exhibited spherical silver nanoparticles with diameter of around 20 nm. Elemental Spectroscopy imaging showed the presence of fungal protein around the silver nanoparticles thereby increasing their stability in the suspension. The silver nanoparticles (10 μg/ml) showed remarkable antibacterial activity against gram-positive (Staphylococcus. aureus) and gram-negative (Escherichia coli) bacteria. The reduction of the silver ions might have occurred by a nitrate-dependent reductase enzyme and a shuttle quinone extracellular process. Reduction of silver ions was an extracellular and rapid process; this knowledge may lead to the development of an easy process for biosynthesis of the silver nanoparticles. Potential of fungal-mediated biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles is important for development of effective antibacterial agents showing resistance to drugs available in the market. Copyright © 2008 American Scientific Publishers All rights reserved.23243247Cho, K.H., Park, J.E., Osaka, T., Park, S.G., (2005) Electrochim. Acta, 51, p. 956Wright, G.D., (2000) Chem. Biol, 3, p. 168Wright, G.D., (2005) Adv. Drug. Deliv. Rev, 57, p. 1451Ip, M., Lui, S.L., Poon, V.K.M., Lung, I., Burd, A., (2006) J. Méd. Micróbiol, 55, p. 59Durán, N., Marcato, P.D., De Conti, R., Alves, O.L., Brocchi, B., (2007) Crit. Rev. Microbiol, , in pressDurán, N., Marcato, P.D., De Souza, G.I.H., Alves, O.L., Esposito, E., (2007) J. Biomed. Nanotechnol, 3, p. 203Durán, N., Marcato, P.D., De Souza, G.I.H., Alves, O.L., Esposito, E., (2005) J. 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Cisplatin Properties In A Nanobiotechnological Approach To Cancer: A Mini-review
No full textFor many years, cisplatin has been used to treat many types of cancer, including urogenital, skin and lung cancers. Unfortunately, treatment with this drug causes serious side effects, such as severe toxicity; including nephrotoxicity, neurotoxicity, gastrointestinal toxicity, peripheral neuropathy, ototoxicity, asthenia and hematological toxicity.Therefore, the clinical use of cisplatin has been hampered.The incidence of nephrotoxicity frequently prevents the use of high enough doses to maximize the antineoplastic effects, and strict attention must be given to the hydration of cisplatin-treated patients to minimize kidney damage.Nanobiotechnology, or nanomedicine, was developed to mitigate, or even eliminate,the toxic effects of pharmaceutical compounds; for example, drug-targeting systems were developed to enable site specificity and to control the delivery drug. Therefore, biomedical nanotechnology researchers attempted to develop nanostructures not only to deliver chemotherapeutics to the desired treatment site but also to control when and how quickly the compounds are released. To achieve these ends, a drug can either be encapsulated in a matrix or attached to a particle surface. Studies concerning the encapsulation of cisplatin in liposomes, polymeric nanoparticles, solid lipid nanoparticles and carbon nanotubes, as well as the immobilization of cisplatin on metallic nanoparticles, have already been published. The association of cancer treatment, particularly chemotherapeutics, with nanotechnology is currently one of the most exciting areas of research. In this mini-review, cisplatin will be discussed in terms of its efficacy against many cancers, including bladder cancer. Additionally, established nanostructure-based drug delivery systems for cisplatin and their efficacy against different types of cancer will be reviewed. Because cisplatin is a standard treatment with good performance statistics and with an effective renal function-glomerular filtration rate, we expect that this review will be helpful for future research. © 2014 Bentham Science Publishers.145458476Marcato, P.D., Durán, N., New aspects of nanopharmaceutical delivery systems (2008) J. Nanosci. Nanotechnol., 8 (5), pp. 2216-2229Melo, P.S., Marcato, P.D., Durán, N., (2011) Nanocosmetics and Nanomedicines: New approaches for skin care, 1, pp. 229-238. , InS.S. Guterres, R. Beck and A. Polhmann, Eds.Springer: GermanyDe Souza, A.O., Silva, C.L., Durán, N., Andrade-Santana, M.H., Antimycobacterial and cytotoxicity activities of free and liposomeencapsulated 3-(4'-bromo[1, 1'-biphenyl-4-yl)-3-(4-bromo-phenyl)-N, N-dimethyl-2-propen-1-amine (2010) Quim. 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Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Cytotoxicity And Genotoxicity Of Biogenic Silver Nanoparticles
No full textBiogenic silver nanoparticles with 40.3 ± 3.5 nm size and negative surface charge (- 40 mV) were prepared with Fusarium oxysporum. The cytotoxicity of 3T3 cell and human lymphocyte were studied by a TaliTM image-based cytometer and the genotoxicity through Allium cepa and comet assay. The results of BioAg-w (washed) and BioAg-nw (unwashed) biogenic silver nanoparticles showed cytotoxicity exceeding 50 μg/mL with no significant differences of response in 5 and 10 μg/mL regarding viability. Results of genotoxicity at concentrations 5.0 and 10.0 ug/mL show some response, but at concentrations 0.5 and 1.0 μg/mL the washed and unwashed silver nanoparticles did not present any effect. This in an important result since in tests with different bacteria species and strains, including resistant, MIC (minimal inhibitory concentration) had good answers at concentrations less than 1.9 μg/mL. 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Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
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No full textThe term nanotechnology is derived from the Greek word 'nano', meaning 'dwarf', and applies to the principles of engineering and manufacturing at a molecular level. The common definition of nanotechnology is that of manipulation, observation, measurement and synthesis at a scale of 1 to 100 nanometers (Raj and Asha, 2009). Nanobiotechnology is a new branch of science dedicated to the improvement and utilization of devices and structures ranging from 1 to 100 nm in size, in which new chemical, physical, and biological properties, not seen in bulk materials, can be observed. There is tremendous excitement in this field with respect to their fundamental properties, organization of superstructure and applications.425449Abarca, M., Bragulat, M., Castella, G., Cabafies, F., Ochratoxin A production by strains of Aspergillus Niger var. 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