1,720,996 research outputs found
"Schizophrenia" and "psychosis" in Italian national newspapers: Do these terms convey different messages?
No full textQuando la scienza era ars e le teorie erano ipotesi. Esemplarismo e ragione critica nel paradigma medievale e in Andreas Osiander
No full textUna lettura attenta e fondata su una verifica del lessico e delle nozioni fondamentali della famosa prefazione al «De revolutionibus orbium caelestium» di Nicolò Copernico (1543) redatta da Andreas Osiander evidenzia l’impostazione teologica tradizionalista di questo testo, ben distante dalla posizione «strumentalista» e probabilista che hanno ritenuto di dovervi riconoscere, a partire da Giordano Bruno fino ad autorevoli storici della scienza ed epistemologi di epoca contemporanea. Nello studio presente si evidenzia, sulla base, appunto, di una lettura della prefazione criticamente condotta in riferimento a testi di area monastica del secoli V-XII, l’appartenenza dichiarata di Osiander a una tradizione speculativa diffusa e raccomandata nella letteratura altomedievale, formalizzata in epoche anteriori e comunque in ambiti culturali ideologicamente distanti dall’epistemologia aristotelica. Come connotati fondamentali di tale modello di pensiero vengono evidenziati i seguenti principi: 1. la verità è sempre teologica, perché conoscere qualsiasi cosa vera significa conoscere le forme eterne nel Verbo; 2. la conoscenza naturale è sempre fenomenica: non può mai cogliere, infatti, l’essenza ultima delle forme ideali, ma solo il loro manifestarsi negli esiti apparenti della conoscenza sensibile; 3. la razionalità scientifica è dunque sempre «critica», perché, posta l’inattingibilità conoscitiva delle forme essenziali, la ragione umana resta incapace di assicurare alcuna «inventio» del vero, ed ha il compito di formulare sempre e soltanto uno iudicium sulla coerenza delle ipotesi che ne rendono conto; 4. La razionalità critica è alla base del dialogo, perché deve essere strumento della condivisione reciproca degli esiti delle indagini filosofiche e scientifiche
Low platinum loading cathode modified with Cs3H2PMo10V2O40 for polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells
No full textThe catalytic activity of commercial Pt nanoparticles mixed with mesoporous polyoxometalate Cs3H2PMo10V2O40 towards oxygen reduction reaction is evaluated. The polyoxometalate co-catalyst is prepared by titration of an aqueous solution of phosphovanadomolibdic acid. SEM micrography shows reduction particle size to less than 300 nm, while XRD confirms that the resulting salt maintains the Kegging structure. The composite catalyst is prepared by mixing the POM salt with Pt/C by sonication. RRDE studies show better kinetics for ORR with low Pt loading at the electrode surface. A MEA is assembled by using a Pt/POM-based cathode, in order to assess performance in a working fuel cell. Current vs. potential curves reveals comparable or better performances at 100%, 62% and 17% relative humidity for the POM-modified MEA with respect to a commercial MEA with higher Pt loading at the cathode. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) confirms better kinetics at low relative humidity. Finally, an accelerated stress test (AST) with square wave (SW) between 0.4 V and 0.8 V is performed to evaluate MEA stability for at least 100 h and make predictions about lifetime, showing that after initial losses the catalytic system can retain stable performance and good morphological stability.
Keywords: ORR Polyoxometalates PEM fuel cells Stress test Catalysi
In situ X-ray absorption studies of the electrochemical reduction of hydroxoeobalamin
No full textXAS fluorescence is combined with electrochemical technique to study the reduction of hydroxocobalamin ( OH-Co(III)Cbl ) to cob(II)alamin at the cobalt K-edge. The electrochemical control permits to select a well-defined cobalt oxidation states. The experimental set-up used permits in situ reactions allowing reliable comparison among XANES spectra. The absorption edge shifts to lower energy with the progressive reduction of cobalt. The size of the peak at about 7726 eV (A peak) decrease in Co(H)cbl spectrum. Experimental XANES of OH-Co(III)cbl and Co(II)cbl were simulated by multiple scattering theory. Theoretical and experimental data are in agreement, peak intensity being correlated to the coordination number confirming that cobalt is five coordinate in Co(II)Cbl sample
Metaphoric and non-metaphoric use of the term "schizophrenia" in Italian newspapers
No full textPURPOSE:This study examines how the term "schizophrenia" is used in Italian newspapers.
METHODS: The survey was carried out on the 22 Italian newspapers which allow word scanning on their online website. In each newspaper, the terms "schizophrenia" and "schizophrenic" were scanned in all articles, from January 1, 2008 to December 31, 2008. Each article containing these terms was analyzed in relation to metaphorical usage to describe or denigrate people or groups not diagnosed "schizophrenic" and in relation to non-metaphoric, direct descriptions of people using mental health services, or the illness itself.
RESULTS: "Schizophrenia/schizophrenic" was reported in 1,087 articles. It was used far more frequently as a metaphor (73.7%) than in reference to people actually given the diagnosis (19.2%) or to the disorder itself (7.1%). The 801 metaphoric uses were classified into the following categories: incoherence/contradiction/split (682, 85.1%), dangerousness/aggressiveness (34, 4.4%), and eccentricity/oddness (84, 10.5%). 117 out of 209 (55.9%) articles on people diagnosed with the disorder were in news section of which 57 (48.7%) referred to homicides, 17 (14.5%) to other assaults by the person, and 33 (28.2%) to assaults directed at the person.
CONCLUSIONS: These data confirm previous studies showing that the media disproportionately report negative stories about people diagnosed with "schizophrenia", and in particular, equate the diagnosis with violence. The study also demonstrates that the metaphorical use of the term to denigrate groups or individuals may be an equal or greater contributor to the stigma and prejudice experienced by people with this mental disorder
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
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