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ANALISIS CEMARAN BAKTERI COLIFORM PADA SAUS TOMAT JAJANAN BAKSO TUSUK YANG BEREDAR DI MANADO
Get PDFThe tomato sauce is one of the processed foods that are often presented as a complement to a wide variety of foods that many consumers demand. But in the daily life the cleanliness of tomato sauce is often overlooked. This research aims to analyze the microbial contamination of 12 tomato sauces of bakso tusuk snack in the city of Manado such as examining total plate count, coliform bacteria and Escherichia coli bacterial identification. This type of research is Observational. The results showed that of the 12 samples of tomato sauce all sample are positive bacterial contaminated, coliform bacteria contaminated and Escherichia coli is contained in all sample. Testing of microbial contamination showed that tomato sauce samples did not meet predetermined requirements in SNI 01-3546-2004 and Regulation of the Food and Drug Administration of The Republic of Indonesia number HK.00.06.1.52.401.  Key words : Tomato sauce, Total Plate Count, Coliform, Escherichia coli  Â
REVIEW - PENGEMBANGAN KURKUMIN DAN ANDROGRAFOLIDA UNTUK SEDIAAN PARENTERAL
Get PDFABSTRACTCurcuma longa Linn (Kunyit) and Andrographis paniculata (Burm.f.) Nees (Sambiloto) are some examples of plants that grown in Indonesia that provides many health benefits with their isolated coumpound Curcumin and Andrographolide, respectively. However, due to their low water-solubility, low stability, rapid metabolism, poor absorption, and degradation during processing or within the gastrointestinal tract and alkaline conditions therefor reduces its oral bioavailability and consequently decreasing its development as a therapeutic drugs via oral. The advantage of parenteral route of administration including reduced toxicity, improved drug solubility and stability, prolonged circulation time, and enhanced tissue penetration. This review summarizes and discusses published journals on the key development on parenteral delivery system of curcumin and andrographolide as active ingredients. Keywords : Curcumin, Andrographolide, Parenteral ABSTRAKCurcuma longa Linn (Kunyit) dan Andrographis paniculata (Burm.f.) Nees (Sambiloto) adalah beberapa contoh tanaman yang tumbuh di Indonesia yang memberikan banyak manfaat kesehatan dengan senyawa yang terkandung didalamnya seperti Kurkumin dan Andrografolida. Namun karena sifatnya sukar larut dalam air, stabilitas rendah, metabolisme yang cepat, susah diabsorbsi, dan terdegradasi dalam asam lambung dan kondisi alkali, akibatnya menurunkan bioavailabilitas oralnya dan mengurangi manfaatnya. Pemberian secara parenteral adalah rute yang memiliki keuntungan termasuk mengurangi toksisitas, meningkatkan kelarutan obat dan stabilitas, memperpanjang waktu sirskulasi, dan peningkatan penetrasi jaringan. Ulasan ini merangkum dan membahas jurnal pada mengenai pengembangan sistem penghantaran secara parenteral dengan kurkumin dan andrografolida sebagai senyawa aktifnya. Kata Kunci : Kurkumin, Andrografolida, Parentera
UJI AKTIVITAS AMARA DARI PRODUK JST TERNAK, PREBIOTIK TERNAK, DAN ASAM AMINO TERNAK TERHADAP TIKUS PUTIH JANTAN (Rattus norvegicus L.) GALUR WISTAR
Get PDFABSTRACTLivestock  JST Products, Livestock Prebiotic Products, and Livestock Amino Acid Products, are herbal products that have the potential to be used as animal feed which functions to increase appetite in livestock. This study aims to determine the amara activity of male white rats (Rattus norvegicus L.) Wistar strain. The rats were treated with an idealized treatment for Animal JST Products, Animal Prebiotic Products, and Animal Amino Acid Products, as much as 2 ml, every afternoon for 10 days using an oral sonde device and a 5 cc dispo and the treatment group without giving the product as a negative control, which was only given food cattle in the form of concentrate. The results showed that the administration of Animal JST Products, Animal Prebiotic Products, and Animal Amino Acid Products, affected the appetite of Male White Rats (Rattus norvegicus L.) Wistar strain, which was marked by weight gain.Keywords :    Animal JST Products, Animal Prebiotic Products, Animal Amino Acid Products,       Rattus norvegicus L. ABSTRAK Produk JST Ternak, Produk Prebiotik Ternak, dan Produk Asam Amino Ternak, merupakan suatu produk herbal yang berpotensi untuk dimanfaatkan sebagai pakan ternak yang berfungsi dapat meningkatkan nafsu makan pada ternak. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui aktivitas amara terhadap Tikus Putih Jantan (Rattus norvegicus L.) Galur Wistar. Tikus diberi perlakuan dioralkan Produk JST Ternak, Produk Prebiotik Ternak, dan Produk Asam Amino Ternak, sebanyak 2 ml, setiap sore selama 10 hari dengan menggunakan alat sonde oral dan dispo 5 cc dan kelompok perlakuan tanpa pemberian produk sebagai kontrol negatif, yang hanya diberikan pakan ternak berupa konsentrat. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa pemberian Produk JST Ternak, Produk Prebiotik Ternak, dan Produk Asam Amino Ternak, berpengaruh terhadap nafsu makan Tikus Putih Jantan (Rattus norvegicus L.) Galur Wistar, yang ditandai dengan kenaikan berat badan.Kata Kunci : Produk JST Ternak, Produk Prebiotik Ternak, Produk Asam Amino Ternak, Rattus norvegicus L
EVALUASI PERESEPAN OBAT BERDASARKAN INDIKATOR WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION (WHO) DI PUSKESMAS TELING ATAS
Get PDFABSTRACTIrrational prescription can cause polypharmacy, resistance, and medication interactions, thus, evaluation of prescription medication should be compulsory. This study aimed to determine the appropriate percentage of prescription medication at Community Health Centre in Teling Atas in comparison with prescription indicators of WHO. Data gathering methods was carried out using random sampling. The study finding indicated that the average of medication in each prescription is 2.49, prescription with generic names is 97.06%, antibiotic prescription is 24.80%, the use of injection preparation is 0%, and the item percentage of drugs prescribed according to National Formulary is 81.97%. Based on the finding acquired, it was concluded that the percentage of prescription with generic names and the percentage of injection preparation are consistent, however, the item average of drugs in each prescription, the percentage of antibiotic prescription, and the percentage of national formulary drugs are not.   Keywords: Prescription, WHO Indicator, Community Health Centre.  ABSTRAKPeresepan yang tidak rasional dapat menyebabkan polifarmasi, resistensi dan terjadinya interaksi obat, untuk itu diperlukan evaluasi peresepan obat. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui persentase kesesuaian peresepan obat di Puskesmas Teling Atas dibandingkan dengan indikator peresepan WHO. Metode pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan random sampling. Hasil yang diperoleh yaitu rata-rata item obat tiap lembar resep sebesar 2,49 rata-rata item, peresepan dengan nama generik 97,06%, peresepan antibiotik 24,80%, penggunaan sediaan injeksi sebesar 0% dan persentase item obat yang diresepkan sesuai dengan Formularium Nasional 81,97%. Berdasarkan hasil yang diperoleh dapat disimpulkan bahwa persentase peresepan dengan nama generik dan persetase peresepan sediaan injeksi sudah sesuai sedangkan rata-rata item obat tiap lembar resep, persentase peresepan obat antibiotik dan persentase item obat formularium nasional tidak sesuai. Kata Kunci: Resep, Indikator WHO, Puskesmas
UJI AKTIVITAS ANTIOKSIDAN HASIL FRAKSI EKSTRAK ETANOL SPONS Theonella swinhoei YANG DIPEROLEH DARI PULAU MANADO TUA
No full textSpons ini merupakan organisme laut yang banyak memiliki potensi untuk menghasilkan senyawa aktif. Theonella swinhoei memproduksi metabolit primer dan sekunder, salah satu jenis metabolit sekunder yaitu antioksidan. Antioksidan adalah zat penghambat reaksi oksidasi akibat radikal bebas yang dapat menyebabkan kerusakan asam lemak tak jenuh sehingga menimbulkan penyakit. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui aktivitas antioksidan dari spons Theonella swinhoei. Spons Theonella swinhoei diperoleh dari Pulau Manado Tua, Sulawesi Utara. Penelitian ini merupakan eksperimental laboratorium dengan metode ekstraksi maserasi. Pengujian terhadap fraksi ekstrak etanol Spons Theonella swinhoei menggunakan metode DPPH (1,1difenil-2-pikrilhidrazil) yang diukur dengan alat spektrofotometer UV-Vis. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa fraksi ekstrak etanol Spons Theonella swinhoei memiliki aktivitas antioksidan pada masing-masing fraksi, ekstrak etanol (59,66), fraksi N- Hexan (59,5%), fraksi CHCl3 (59,23%) dengan konsentrasi 100 mg/L, dan fraksi MeOH 65,93 %. Dari hasil ini terlihat bahwa Fraksi MeOH memiliki hasil paling tinggi dari pelarut yang lain yaitu sebanyak 65,93 %. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa dalam spons Theonella swinhoei terdapat banyak komponen bioaktif yang bersifat polar
UJI AKTIVITAS ANTIOKSIDAN KARANG LUNAK (Nepthea sp.) DENGAN MENGGUNAKAN METODE DPPH (1,1-difenil-2-pikrilhidrazil)
Get PDFABSTRACTSoft corals (Nepthea sp.) are soft corals that have the ability to be antibacterial and anticancer. These chemical compounds are the result of secondary metabolites of living organisms that are often known as natural products, which are generally in the form of terpenoids. This study aims to analyze the antioxidant activity of Nepthea sp. Soft Coral (Nepthea sp.) Samples were obtained from Bangka Island waters, Likupang. This research is an experimental laboratory with maceration as method of extraction. Testing of ethanol extracts of soft corals (Nepthea sp.) was using the DPPH method (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazy) with concentrations of 25, 50, 75, 100, 125, 150 mg / L to analyze antioxidant activity using a spectrophotometer. The greatest antioxidant level is found in Nepthea sp. with a concentration of 150mg/L. The results of this study showed that the antioxidant levels of Nepthea sp. from Bangka waters have antioxidant activity and the higher of the concentration the higher the antioxidant levels produced.  Keywords: Activity, Antioxidants, DPPH, Nepthea sp. ABSTRAK Karang lunak (Nepthea sp.) adalah karang lunak yang mempunyai kemampuan sebagai antibakteria dan antikanker. Senyawa kimia tersebut merupakan hasil metabolit sekunder organisme hidup yang sering dikenal dengan natural producty yang umumnya berupa terpenoid. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis aktivitas antioksidan dari Nepthea sp. Sampel Karang Lunak (Nepthea sp.) diperoleh dari perairan Bangka, Likupang. Penelitian ini merupakan eksperimental laboratorium dengan metode ekstraksi maserasi pengujian terhadap ekstrak etanol karang lunak (Nepthea sp.) menggunakan metode DPPH (1,1-difenil-2-pikrilhidrazi) dengan kosentrasi 25, 50, 75, 100, 125, 150 mg/L untuk menganalisis aktivitas antioksidan dengan menggunakan spektrofotometer. Kadar antioksidan yang paling besar terdapat pada Nepthea sp. dengan konsentrasi 150mg/L. Hasil penelitian ini memperlihatkan kadar antioksidan Nepthea sp. di perairan Bangka mempunyai aktivitas antioksidan dan semakin tinggi konsentrasi semakin tinggi pula kadar antioksidan yang dihasilkan. Kadar antioksidan yang paling besar terdapat pada Nepthea sp. dengan konsentrasi 150 mg/L.Kata Kunci : Aktivitas, Antioksidan, DPPH, Nepthea sp
UJI EFEKTIFITAS SARI BUAH DAN EKSTRAK ETANOL KULIT JERUK NIPIS (Citrus aurantifolia) TERHADAP HIPERKOLESTEROLEMIA PADA TIKUS PUTIH JANTAN GALUR WISTAR (Rattus norvegicus)
Get PDFABSTRACTLime is a type of orange that is often consumed by the public. The content of lime is vitamin C, flavonoids. This study aims to test the effectiveness of lime juice and ethanol extract of lime peel (Citrus aurantifolia) against hypercholesterolemia in male white rats Galur Wistar (Rattus norvegicus). The method used was experimental laboratory. The results were obtained from the stage of measuring blood cholesterol, namely pre and post. The treatment was started by giving high fat feed for 14 days. Furthermore, pretest measurements were carried out. After that, treatment was given to each of the 8 groups, namely CMC in the negative control, simvastatin in the positive control, lime juice and ethanol extract of lime peel. Posttest measurements were carried out after 7 days of administration. The best results with a dose of T3 (0.3) fruit juice and lime peel ethanol extract were PS1 (7.2 mg). Then, the treatment was analyzed using Paired T-test and One Way ANOVA statistical test using SPSS with the results of the sig value. > 0.05 means that it can be concluded that there is no significant difference in the average cholesterol level of rats based on the treatment group.Keywords: Effectiveness test, Lime (Citrus aurantifolia ), Hypercholesterolemia, Male white mouseABSTRAKJeruk nipis merupakan salah satu jenis jeruk yang sering dikonsumsi masyarakat. Kandungan dari jeruk nipis yaitu vitamin C, flavonoid. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menguji efektifitas sari jeruk nipis dan ekstrak etanol kulit jeruk nipis (Citrus aurantifolia) terhadap Hiperkolesterolemia pada tikus putih jantan Galur Wistar (Rattus norvegicus). Metode yang digunakan eksperimental laboratorium. Hasil penelitian diperoleh dari tahap pengukuran kolesterol darah,yaitu pre dan post. Perlakuan dimulai dengan memberi pakan tinggi lemak selama 14 hari Selanjutnya dilakukan pengukuran Pretest. Selanjutnya diberikan perlakuan pada tiap 8 kelompok, yaitu CMC pada kontrol negatif, simvastatin pada kontrol positif, Sari buah jeruk nipis dan ekstrak etanol kulit jeruk nipis. Pengukuran Posttest dilakukan setelah 7 hari pemberian. Hasil yang terbaik dengan dosis sari buah T3(0,3) dan Ekstrak etanol kulit jeruk nipis adalah PS1(7,2 mg) . Lalu selanjutnya perlakuan dianalisa dengan uji Paired T-test dan uji statistik One Way ANOVA menggunakan SPSS dengan hasil nilai sig. > 0,05 berati disimpulkan maka tidak ada perbedaan yang bermakna rata-rata hasil kadar kolesterol tikus berdasarkan kelompok perlakuan.Kata Kunci: Uji Efektifitas, Jeruk nipis (Citrus aurantifolia), Hiperkolesterolemia, Tikus Putih jantan (Rattus norvegicus
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
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