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การพัฒนาน้ำยาบ้วนปากจากสารสกัดตำรับยาแก้รำมะนาด Development of Mouthwash from The Yakaerammanad Formula Extract
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วัตถุประสงค์: เพื่อพัฒนาน้ำยาบ้วนปากจากสารสกัดตำรับยาแก้รำมะนาด วิธีการศึกษา: เตรียมสารสกัดน้ำด้วยการต้ม และสารสกัดเอทานอลด้วยการแช่สกัด นำสารสกัดของตำรับยาแก้รำมะนาดมาทดสอบปริมาณสารฟลาโวนอยด์รวมและปริมาณสารฟีนอลิกรวมด้วยวิธี Aluminium chloride และวิธี Folin-Ciocalteu ตามลำดับ ทดสอบประสิทธิภาพในการยับยั้งเชื้อ Streptococcus mutans และ Candida albicans ด้วยวิธี Disc diffusion method และหาค่าความเข้มข้นต่ำสุดที่มีฤทธิ์ยับยั้งเชื้อ (Minimal inhibitory concentration; MIC) และค่าความเข้มข้นต่ำสุดที่มีฤทธิ์ฆ่าเชื้อ (Minimal bactericidal concentration; MBC / minimum fungicidal concentration; MFC) ด้วยวิธี Broth microdilution method โดยใช้ยา ampicillin และ amphotericin B เป็นสารมาตรฐาน นำสารสกัดที่มีประสิทธิภาพมาพัฒนาเป็นน้ำยาบ้วนปาก 3 สูตร และทดสอบความคงตัวทางกายภาพและทางเคมีในสภาวะเร่ง 7 รอบ ที่อุณหภูมิ 5 และ 45 องศาเซลเซียส ผลการศึกษา: สารสกัดน้ำมีปริมาณสารฟลาโวนอยด์รวมและสารฟีนอลิกรวมสูงสุดเท่ากับ 0.029 ± 0.018 g QE/ 100 g ของสารสกัด และ 11.440 ± 0.488 g GE/ 100 g ของสารสกัด ตามลำดับ สารสกัดเอทานอลของตำรับยาแก้รำมะนาดแสดงฤทธิ์ยับยั้งเชื้อ Streptococcus mutans และ Candida albicans สูงสุดโดยแสดงค่า MIC เท่ากับ 1.953 และ 0.031 mg/mL ตามลำดับ ขณะที่ค่า MBC/MFC เท่ากับ 1.953 และ 15.625 mg/mL ตามลำดับ ผลการทดสอบความคงตัวพบว่า น้ำยาบ้วนปากสูตรที่ 2 มีสีเขียวอมเหลือง ไม่แยกชั้น ค่าความเป็นกรด-ด่างไม่เปลี่ยนแปลงอย่างมีนัยสำคัญ และน้ำยาบ้วนปากสูตร 2 มีปริมาณสารฟลาโวนอยด์และสารฟีนอลิก สรุป: น้ำยาบ้วนปากจากสารสกัดตำรับยาแก้รำมะนาดสูตรที่ 2 มีความคงตัวทางกายภาพและทางเคมีที่เหมาะสมจะนำไปพัฒนาเป็นผลิตภัณฑ์ดูแลสุขภาพช่องปากในอนาคตต่อไป
คำสำคัญ: ตำรับยาแก้รำมะนาด, น้ำยาบ้วนปาก, ปริมาณสารฟลาโวนอยด์รวม, ปริมาณสารฟีนอลิกรวม, ฤทธิ์ต้านจุลชีพ
Abstract
Objective: To develop mouthwash from the Yakaerammanad formula extract. Methods: The aqueous extract was extracted by decoction, and the ethanolic extract by maceration. The aqueous and ethanolic extracts of the Yakaerammanad formula were determined for their total flavonoid and total phenolic contents using the aluminum chloride method and Folin-Ciocalteu assay, respectively. Antimicrobial activity against Streptococcus mutans and Candida albicans was determined by disc diffusion method, and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) or minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) were determined by broth microdilution method, using ampicillin and amphotericin B as positive controls. Effective Yakaerammanad formula extracts were developed into 3 formulas of mouthwash and tested for physical and chemical stability under heating-cooling conditions for 7 cycles at temperatures of 5 and 45 °C. Results: Aqueous extracts of the Yakaerammanad formula had the highest total flavonoid and total phenolic contents, which were 0.029 ± 0.018 g QE/100 g of extract and 11.440 ± 0.488 g GE/100 g of extract, respectively. The ethanolic extract of Yakaerammanad formula had highest antimicrobial activity against S. mutans and C. albicans, which showed MIC values of 1.953 and 0.031 mg/mL, respectively, while MBC and MFC values were 1.953 and 15.625 mg/mL, respectively. The results of the stability test showed that mouthwash formula 2 from the Yakaerammanad formula extract is greenish-yellow and does not precipitate. The pH values were not significantly different. The mouthwash formula 2 had total flavonoid and total phenolic contents. Conclusion: The mouthwash formula 2 from the Yakaerammanad formula extract had the appropriate physical and chemical stability to be developed into oral health care products in the future.
Key words: Yakaerammanad formula, mouthwash, Total flavonoids content, total phenolic content, antimicrobial activit
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
Author Under Sail The Imagination of Jack London, 1893-1902
No full textIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Intro -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction -- 1. Spirit Truth -- 2. From Absorption to Theatricality and Back Again -- 3. "I Will Build a New Present" -- 4. Sons as Authors -- 5. Fathers as Publishers -- 6. The Daughter as Author -- 7. Lovers as Authors -- 8. At Sea with the Family -- 9. Yellow News, Yellow Stories -- 10. The Return Home -- Notes -- Bibliography -- Index -- About Jay WilliamsIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources.Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, YYYY. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries
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