174 research outputs found
Failure of Tobacco Control in Central Europe
No full textCopyright: © 2013 Neuberger M. This is an open-access article distributed unde
Buchbesprechungen
No full textHans-Peter Burghof, Eigenkapitalnormen in der Theorie der Finanzintermediation (Doris Neuberger)
Manfred Willms, Private Finanzierung von Infrastrukturinvestitionen: Theoretische und empirische Grundlagen (Hans-Hermann Francke
Health impact assessment of air pollutant emissions in the area of domestic heating in consideration of climate protection
No full textDie Luftverschmutzung stellt neben dem Klimawandel eines der bedeutendsten Umweltprobleme der Gegenwart dar. Die schädigende Wirkung von Luftschadstoffen auf den menschlichen Organismus wird von zahlreichen epidemiologischen und toxikologischen Studien belegt.Diese Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit der gesundheitlichen Wirkung von Luftschad-stoffen und beschreibt die Methodik zur Abschätzung der Gesundheitsfolgen. Die Auswirkungen von emittierten Substanzen in die Atmosphäre sind vielseitig. Manche Schadstoffe schädigen die Umwelt (Ökosysteme, Klima), andere wiederum können die menschliche Gesundheit beeinträchtigen. Feinstaub (PM2,5 und PM10) kann mit einer Vielzahl von pulmonalen und kardiovaskulären Erkrankungen sowie erhöhter Sterblichkeit in Verbindung gebracht werden und wird überwiegend als Leitsubstanz zur gesundheitlichen Bewertung der Außenluftbelastung verwendet. Durch epidemiologische Studien können Konzentrations-Wirkungs-Beziehungen (Effektschätzer) zwischen der Feinstaub-Konzentration in der Umgebungsluft und unterschied-lichen Gesundheitsfolgen hergestellt werden. Heizungsanlagen im Sektor Raumwärme sind für einen Großteil vieler Luftschadstoffe verantwortlich (z. B. rd. 30 % der Gesamtfeinstaubemissionen). Besonders dem Holzrauch konnte gesundheitsschädigende Effekte nachgewie-sen werden, wobei jedoch keine geringere Schadwirkung gegenüber der allgemeinen Feinstaubbelastung anzunehmen ist.Die Weltgesundheitsorganisation bietet international anerkannte und verwendete Instrumente zur Abschätzung und Bewertung der Gesundheitsbe-lastung durch externe Umweltrisiken. Die Methode des Health Impact Assessments verfolgt einen belastungsorientierten Ansatz zur Berechnung der Krankheitslast. Nach Berechnung der Exposition, wobei die Schadstoffkonzen-tration in der Luft und die Verteilung der betroffenen Bevölkerung miteinander verschnitten werden, können mit Hilfe von Effektschätzern aus epidemiologischen Studien die spezifischen Gesundheitsfolgen berechnet werden.Bei Anwendung dieser Methodik auf Österreich wurde von etlichen Studien auf tausende Sterbefälle jährlich (bzw. Reduktion der Lebenserwartung) und einer Vielzahl von nicht letalen Erkrankungen wie z. B. Bronchitis, Atemwegs- und Herz-Kreislauferkrankungen wegen der Feinstaubbelastung hingewiesen.Erst durch die Quantifizierung von Gesundheitsfolgen der Luftverschmutzung wird der entstandene Schaden sichtbar. Dadurch erhält die Politik eine wichtige Entscheidungsgrundlage um effiziente Maßnahmen zu setzen. Aber auch die Öffentlichkeit wird über die Gefahren informiert, wodurch eine Problemsensibilisierung bzw.Bewusstseinsbildung weitere Handlungen zur Verminderung des Risikos (z.B. Heizkesseltausch, emissionsarme Brennstoffe) anregen kann.Air pollution, alongside with climate change, is one of the most challenging environmental problems nowadays. The harmful impact of air pollutants on human health has been proven by numerous epidemiological and toxicological studies.This master thesis deals with the various health effects of air pollutants and describes a methodology to assess their impact on human health.Pollutant emissions have miscellaneous effects. Some substances damage the natural environment (ecological systems, climate), others may be harmful to human health.Particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10) can be associated with multiple pulmonary and cardiovascular diseases, as well as increased mortality.Thus, PM may be chosen as a primary indicator for the health impact assessment of air pollutants. Epidemiological studies have shown that a concentration-response relationship (risk estimate) between PM concentration in the ambient air and various health effects exists.Residential combustion plants are responsible for a major part of air pollutant emissions (e. g. approx. 30 % of total particulate matter emissions). There is growing evidence, that both acute and chronic exposures of wood smoke are associated with adverse health effects, but there is not enough evidence to state that PM from wood burning is more or less harmful than PM from other sources.The World Health Organization provides internationally accepted and used instruments for the estimation and assessment of the burden of disease by external environmental risks. The method for health impact assessment (HIA) of air pollutants follows the exposure-based approach for calculating the disease burden. The concentration of pollutants in the ambient air (e. g. fixed-site monitoring) and the exposure distribution in the population form the basis for the health impact estimation. The specific health outcome can then be calculated with concentration-response functions derived from the epidemio-logical literature. By applying this method to Austria, studies concluded that some thousand deaths per year and multiple not lethal diseases, (e.g.bronchitis, respiratory and cardiovascular disorder) are due to the exposure to PM. As a result, by quantifying the health impact of air pollution, the damage (risk) becomes apparent. Therefore, the necessary decision making elements for taking effective actions should be made available to politics by creating a competent advisory body. In addition, the general public should be informed about the health impact and further stimulations to actions reducing the risk (e. g. boiler exchange, use of low-emission fuels, building insulation) and increasing general environmental awareness should be taken.<br /
Response to Roundtable Comments
No full textIn her response, Neuberger elaborates and extends a few of her key arguments as discussed by Brandenberger,
Kleiman, Petrone, Platt, and Tsivian. She focuses on questions involving Eisenstein’s exceptionality,
the general reception of Ivan the Terrible, Stalin’s response to the film and its homoeroticism, and fundamental
questions about Eisenstein’s interpretation of Ivan and his reign, its application to the present and to all rulers.
She clarifies fundamental questions about Eisenstein’s conception of dialectics, and shows his commitment to
dialectics as something more than more than binary conflict. Eisenstein not only saw all phenomena as “unities
of opposites”, but contrasted the dialectical contradictory with a unitary definitive, giving us neither a simpler
dualism nor a permanent state of contradiction. The categorical doesn’t cancel out the contested (or vice versa):
together the categorical and the contested create another level of complexity, making it possible to see Ivan the
Terrible as a film that repeatedly poses questions about power, violence, and human perception, and a film that is
a radical critique of Stalinism and Soviet ideology. The author underlines, that in This Thing of Darkness she tried
to show that the search for “meaning” in Eisenstein (and in my reading of Eisenstein) was no simple path toward
a definitive truth, but is something like the way we experience films: seeing, hearing, intuiting, sensing, learning,
feeling, wondering, learning a little more, and eventually thinking through what we have seen and experienced in
order to make it meaningful for us
Erratum to:Multidrug efflux pumps: structure, function and regulation (Nature Reviews Microbiology, (2018), 16, 9, (523-539), 10.1038/s41579-018-0048-6)
No full textIn the version of this Review originally published, the author contributions of co-author Arthur Neuberger were incorrectly listed. The author contributions should have appeared as ‘D.D., X.W.-K., A.N., H.W.v.V., K.M.P., L.J.V.P. and B.F.L. researched data for the article, made substantial contributions to discussions of the content, wrote the article, and reviewed and edited the manuscript before submission’. This has now been corrected in all versions of the Review. The authors apologize to readers for this error.</p
Fostering effective mathematics teaching: professional coaching and teachers' instructional practices and beliefs
No full textTwo decades ago the National Council of Teachers of Mathematics challenged the mathematics education community to promulgate a comprehensive set of learning goals for K-12 students that would guide mathematics curriculum, teaching, and assessment for the future. One consequence was an emphasis on professional development of teachers. Accordingly, in 2003, New York Cityʼs public schools started a math coaching program, whereby math education experts worked closely with math teachers for an extended period of time in the teachersʼ schools. This program became an opportunity for important research regarding the effectiveness of coaching This study describes the collaboration between one coach and one teacher in the implementation of the coaching system. The researcher observed and videotaped a lesson and the subsequent debriefing between the teacher and coach; and interviewed the teacher, coach, and principal. The benefit to the classroom teacher was supported by analysis of the data. The teacher reported that, for the first time, math was “fun,” she was more confident, and more class time was devoted to mathematics. The teacher paid closer attention to student work, reflected on her own practice, grouped students more beneficially, encouraged them to interact, and to make their thinking public. She did not view answers as just right or wrong, but rather as part of a process of making sense of ideas. The data suggest: 1. The teacher reported that some of her beliefs about math teaching had changed due to the coaching process. 2. Teacher practices mirrored teacher beliefs. There are signs that the coaching is influencing the teacherʼs practice. 3. The coach helped the teacher learn mathematics and pay attention to the math learning of her students. 4. The teacher is in a state of transition in many of her emerging beliefs, suggesting that some of them are fragile. While results of the study are promising, further research is recommended to examine long term effects of coaching with more teachers and coaches over several cycles.Ed.D.Includes abstractIncludes bibliogrqphical referencesby James A. Neuberge
Der Pneumologe / Innenluft und Passivrauch
No full textVon allen gesundheitsgefährdenden Luftverunreinigungen in Innenräumen, denen wir in Europa unfreiwillig ausgesetzt sind, führt Passivrauch am häufigsten zu Krankheit und Tod: In Österreich sterben im Schnitt 3 Menschen pro Tag, weil andere rauchen, und noch mehr Menschen erkranken deshalb an Herzkreislauf- und Lungenkrankheiten sowie an Krebs. Das für 1. Mai 2018 geplante gesetzliche Rauchverbot an allen Arbeitsplätzen mit Einführung einer rauchfreien Gastronomie ließe binnen eines Jahres einen nachhaltigen Rückgang der Herzinfarkte um ca. 15 % sowie nachhaltige Rückgänge von Zerebralinsulten, chronische obstruktive Lungenerkrankung (COPD), Krebserkrankungen und Stoffwechselstörungen erwarten. Studien in Europa und Nordamerika wiesen einen signifikanten Rückgang von Frühgeburten und kindlichem Asthma nach, da Passivrauch durch das Rauchverbot in der Gastronomie als Luftverschmutzung wahrgenommen und Rauchen in der Öffentlichkeit zunehmend denormalisiert wurde. Auf diese Weise sank die soziale Akzeptanz für das Rauchen in Anwesenheit von Kindern und Schwangeren. Die Aufhebung dieses in Österreich 2015 beschlossenen Gesetzes ist beispiellos und nützt nur der Tabakindustrie. Es erleichtert die Verführung Jugendlicher zum Aktivrauchen und erschwert Rauchern den Ausstieg aus der Nikotinsucht bzw. die Reduktion ihres Tabakkonsums. Die von den Bundesländern in Aussicht gestellte Verbesserung des Jugendschutzes kann die Fehlentscheidung auf Bundesebene nicht kompensieren. Bisherige Kontrollen partieller Rauchverbote in der Gastronomie, die Alterskontrollen an Verkaufsstellen für Tabakprodukte durch die Monopolverwaltung sowie elektronisch bei Zigarettenautomaten erwiesen sich als weitgehend wirkungslos. Die WHO, die Weltbank und die österreichische Ärzteschaft fordern daher gesetzliche und fiskalische Maßnahmen zur Senkung der Raucherprävalenz, die sich in Australien, Nordamerika, West- und Nordeuropa bestens bewährt haben. Eine repräsentative Umfrage im Auftrag der Ärzteinitiative ergab 2018, dass sich 70 % der österreichischen Bevölkerung eine rauchfreie Gastronomie wünscht.A number of indoor air pollutants are a health risk in Europe, but in Austria second-hand smoke (SHS) is the most frequent cause of disease and death. An average of 3 persons per day die because of exposure to SHS, and even more suffer from SHS-induced cardiovascular and pulmonary diseases or cancer. On 1 May 2018 a smoking ban was planned to come into force for all indoor places of work and public places including the gastronomy industry. It is estimated that this will reduce coronary syndrome and myocardial infarction by approximately 15% within 1 year and lead to sustainable decreases in stroke, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), cancer and diabetes. Studies in Europe and North America also showed a decrease in premature births and asthma hospital admissions of children. Because people recognized tobacco smoke as an air pollutant, smoking in public was denormalized and social acceptance of smoking in front of children and pregnant women decreased. The unprecedented cancelation of a tobacco control law, which had been passed by parliament in 2015, would only benefit the tobacco industry, help to encourage adolescents to start smoking and make it more difficult for smokers to reduce or abstain from tobacco consumption. The provincial governments announced an improvement of youth protection but this cannot compensate for the wrong decision by the federal government. Up to now control of partial smoking bans in the gastronomy industry, age controls in tobacco shops and by the monopoly administration and electronic age control by vending machines largely failed. The World Health Organization (WHO), the World Bank and the Austrian medical profession therefore demand legislation and taxation to reduce smoking prevalence, measures which proved to be successful in Australia, North America, Western Europe and in neighboring countries. A representative survey commissioned by the Austrian Council on Smoking and Health, proved that 70% of the Austrian population are in favor of smoke-free restaurants and bars.(VLID)358955
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