117,303 research outputs found
Vapor-induced transfer of bacteria in the absence of mechanical disturbances
No full textTransfer of bacteria through water vapor generated at moderate temperatures (30-50. °C) in passive solar stills, has scarcely been reported. The objective of this research was to investigate whether bacteria in highly humid atmospheres can get transferred through water vapor in the absence of other transfer media to find their way to the distillate. To achieve this objective, passive solar reactors were chosen as the medium for experimentation, and distillation experiments were conducted by spiking a pure bacterial culture (Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumonia or Enterococcus faecalis) in low mineralized water vs. highly mineralized water in the dark under moderate temperatures ranges (30-35. °C, 40-45. °C and 50-55. °C). Results showed that bacteria indeed get transferred with the vapor in stills when not exposed to solar U.V. radiation. The trends observed were adequately explained by a zero-modified Hurdle-Poisson model. The numbers of cultivable bacterial colonies transferred were bacterial size, water type and temperature dependent with highest transfers occurring in E. faecalis. E. coli. K. pneumonia at the 40. °C range in low mineralized water. Proper management strategies are recommended to achieve complete disinfection in solar stills. © 2014 Elsevier B.V.Abdallah S, 2009, DESALINATION, V242, P128, DOI 10.1016-j.desal.2008.03.036; Abdallah S, 2008, DESALINATION, V220, P669, DOI 10.1016-j.desal.2007.02.047; Aboabboud M., 2009, P WORLD C ENG LOND U, VII; Ahsan A, 2010, DESALINATION, V260, P172, DOI 10.1016-j.desal.2010.04.044; American Public Health Association (APHA) American Water Works Association (AWWA) and Water Environment Federation (WEF), 2012, STANDARD METHODS EXA; Ayoub GM, 2012, CRIT REV ENV SCI TEC, V42, P2078, DOI 10.1080-10643389.2011.574104; Balladin DA, 1999, RENEW ENERG, V17, P191, DOI 10.1016-S0960-1481(98)00026-3; Bonheyo G.T., 2005, GEOTHERMAL BIOL GEOC, P327; Chaibi M., 2009, SEAWATER DESALINATIO, DOI 10.117-978-3-642-01150-4_6; Eze J.I., 2011, GLOBAL J SCI FRONTIE, V11, P53; Flendrig LM, 2009, PHYS CHEM EARTH, V34, P50, DOI 10.1016-j.pce.2008.03.007; Green Line Association, 2007, STAT POT REN EN TECH; Gude VG, 2010, DESALIN WATER TREAT, V20, P281, DOI 10.5004-dwt.2010.1613; Hanson A, 2004, SOL ENERGY, V76, P635, DOI 10.1016-j.solener.2003.11.010; Ihaka R., 1996, J COMPUTATIONAL GRAP, V5, P299, DOI DOI 10.2307-1390807; Ismail BI, 2009, RENEW ENERG, V34, P145, DOI 10.1016-j.renene.2008.03.013; Jackman S., 2012, PSCL CLASSES METHODS; Kikuchi S., 2012, J ARID LAND STUDIES, V22, P207; KING G, 1989, AM J POLIT SCI, V33, P762, DOI 10.2307-2111071; Malaeb L., 2011, THESIS AM U BEIRUT B; McGuigan KG, 1998, J APPL MICROBIOL, V84, P1138, DOI 10.1046-j.1365-2672.1998.00455.x; Medugu D.W., 2006, NIGER J PHYS, V18, P203; Miles AA, 1938, J HYG-CAMBRIDGE, V38, P732; MULLAHY J, 1986, J ECONOMETRICS, V33, P341, DOI 10.1016-0304-4076(86)90002-3; Mushtaq A., 2002, INT J AGRIC BIOL, V4, P1560; Padia R., 2012, J NAT ENV SCI, V3, P9; Pope ML, 2003, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V69, P6201, DOI [10.1128-AEM.69.10.6201-6207.2003, 10.1128-AEM.69.106201-6207.2003]; QASIM SR, 1978, J ENVIRON SCI HEAL A, V13, P615; R Core Team, 2013, R LANG ENV STAT COMP; Reali M, 2008, DESALINATION, V220, P626, DOI 10.1016-j.desal.2007.02.061; Rojko C., 2003, THESIS WORCESTER POL; Sakthivel M, 2008, INT J ENERG RES, V32, P68, DOI 10.1002-er.1335; Velmurugan V, 2007, DESALINATION, V216, P232, DOI 10.1016-j.desal.2006.12.012; Yadav Y. P., 1989, Solar and Wind Technology, V6, DOI 10.1016-0741-983X(89)90002-7; Zeileis A, 2008, J STAT SOFTW, V27, P10
Reverse osmosis technology for water treatment: State of the art review
No full textThis paper presents a review of recent advances in reverse osmosis technology as related to the major issues of concern in this rapidly growing desalination method. These issues include membrane fouling studies and control techniques, membrane characterization methods as well as applications to different water types and constituents present in the feed water. A summary of the major advances in RO performance and mechanism modeling is also presented and available transport models are introduced. Moreover, the two important issues of RO brine discharge and energy costs and recovery methods are discussed. Finally, future research trends and needs relevant to RO are highlighted. © 2010 Elsevier B.V.Agus E, 2009, DESALINATION, V237, P214, DOI 10.1016-j.desal.2007.11.059; Ahmed M, 2000, DESALINATION, V130, P155, DOI 10.1016-S0011-9164(00)00083-7; ALMUTAZ IS, 1989, DESALINATION, V76, P177, DOI 10.1016-0011-9164(89)87045-6; Al-Rifai JH, 2007, CHEMOSPHERE, V69, P803, DOI 10.1016-j.chemosphere.2007.04.069; Al-Wazzan Y, 2003, DESALINATION, V155, P141, DOI 10.1016-S0011-9164(03)00291-1; *AQWATEC CO SCH MI, 2010, MEMBR CHAR AUT WAT Q; Avlonitis SA, 2003, DESALINATION, V157, P151, DOI 10.1016-S0011-9164(03)00395-3; AWERBUCH L, 1989, DESALINATION, V76, P189, DOI 10.1016-0011-9164(89)87046-8; BAOXIA M, 2007, J MEMBRANE SCI, V291, P77; BARTELS C, 2007, EDS C HALK GREEC APR; Bartels C, 2005, DESALINATION, V184, P185, DOI 10.1016-j.desal.2005.04.032; BARTELS C, 2004, REVERSE OSMOSIS MEMB; BARTELS C, 2008, EDS EUROMED C DEAD S; Bartman AR, 2009, J PROCESS CONTR, V19, P433, DOI 10.1016-j.jprocont.2008.06.016; Bellona C, 2005, J MEMBRANE SCI, V249, P227, DOI 10.1016-j.memsci.2004.09.041; BERGMAN R, 2005, MEMBRANE PROCESSES W; Bick A, 2005, DESALINATION, V178, P233, DOI 10.1016-j.desal.2005.04.001; Boerlage SFE, 1999, J MEMBRANE SCI, V159, P47, DOI 10.1016-S0376-7388(99)00052-6; Boerlage SFE, 2000, DESALINATION, V131, P201; Bohdziewicz J, 1999, DESALINATION, V121, P139, DOI 10.1016-S0011-9164(99)00015-6; Bolong N, 2009, DESALINATION, V239, P229, DOI 10.1016-j.desal.2008.03.020; Bonnelye V., 2004, DESALINATION, V167, P191, DOI DOI 10.1016-J.DESAL.2004.06.128; BROWN S, 2006, THESIS HUNTSVILLE; Chesters SP, 2009, DESALINATION, V238, P22, DOI 10.1016-j.desal.2008.01.031; CHIAN E, 2006, HDB ENV ENG ADV PHYS, V5; Choi E, 2004, WATER SCI TECHNOL, V49, P1; Darwish MA, 2009, DESALINATION, V235, P58, DOI 10.1016-j.desal.2008.07.005; Den W, 2008, SEP PURIF TECHNOL, V59, P318, DOI 10.1016-j.seppur.2007.07.025; Drewes JE, 2003, WATER RES, V37, P3612, DOI 10.1016-S0043-1354(03)00230-6; Einav R, 2003, DESALINATION, V156, P79, DOI 10.1016-S0011-9164(03)00328-X; FIGUERUELO C, 2009, DESALINATION, V240, P274; FLEMMING HC, 1988, DESALINATION, V70, P95, DOI 10.1016-0011-9164(88)85047-1; Frappart M, 2008, SEP PURIF TECHNOL, V60, P321, DOI 10.1016-j.seppur.2007.09.007; Fujita Y, 1996, WATER ENVIRON RES, V68, P867, DOI 10.2175-106143096X127866; Gabelich C., 2002, DESALINATION, V150, P5; Gabelich CJ, 2005, ENVIRON PROG, V24, P410, DOI 10.1002-ep.10111; GAMBIER A, 2007, P 2007 AM CONTR C MA; Goosen MFA, 2004, SEPAR SCI TECHNOL, V39, P2261, DOI 10.1081-SS-120039343; Guria C, 2005, COMPUT CHEM ENG, V29, P1977, DOI 10.1016-j.compchemeng.2005.05.002; Hassan AR, 2007, DESALINATION, V206, P107, DOI 10.1016-j.desal.2006.06.008; Hayrynen K, 2008, MINER ENG, V21, P2, DOI 10.1016-j.mineng.2007.06.003; Heijman SGJ, 2009, DESALINATION, V236, P357, DOI 10.1016-j.desal.2007.10.087; HURWITZ G, 2006, 2006 ANN M SAN FRANC; Ivnitsky H, 2005, DESALINATION, V185, P255, DOI 10.1016-j.desal.2005.03.081; Jegatheesan V, 2009, J CLEAN PROD, V17, P637, DOI 10.1016-j.jclepro.2008.11.016; Juang LC, 2008, ENVIRON ENG SCI, V25, P1091, DOI 10.1089-ees.2007.0056; KAMAL I, 1989, DESALINATION, V76, P323, DOI 10.1016-0011-9164(89)87052-3; Khawaji AD, 2008, DESALINATION, V221, P47, DOI 10.1016-j.desal.2007.01.067; Khulbe KC, 2000, POLYMER, V41, P1917, DOI 10.1016-S0032-3861(99)00359-6; Kim S, 2009, DESALINATION, V238, P1, DOI 10.1016-j.desal.2008.01.029; Kunst Branko, 2008, V5, P103, DOI 10.1007-698_5_100; Kurihara M, 1999, DESALINATION, V125, P9, DOI 10.1016-S0011-9164(99)00119-8; LAMEI A, 2009, IDA WORLD C ATL PALM; Lee S, 2002, J MEMBRANE SCI, V201, P191, DOI 10.1016-S0376-7388(01)00729-3; LIBOTEAN D, 2007, MODELING REVERSE OSM; Liu SB, 2007, J WATER SUPPLY RES T, V56, P25, DOI 10.2166-aqua.2007.049; Lorain O, 2007, DESALINATION, V203, P277, DOI 10.1016-j.desal.2006.02.022; Maragliano G, 2005, DESALINATION, V184, P247, DOI 10.1016-j.desal.2005.01.016; Marcucci M, 2001, DESALINATION, V138, P75, DOI 10.1016-S0011-9164(01)00247-8; MCFALL W, 2008, 8 INT IFAC S DYN CON, P3; Meckes MC, 2007, J ENVIRON ENG SCI, V6, P449, DOI 10.1139-S06-062; Mi BX, 2006, J MEMBRANE SCI, V282, P71, DOI 10.1016-j.memsci.2006.05.015; MOCH I, 2002, P IDA WORLD C DES WA; Mondal S, 2008, ENVIRON PROG, V27, P173, DOI 10.1002-ep.10271; Mondal S, 2008, J MEMBRANE SCI, V322, P162, DOI 10.1016-j.memsci.2008.05.039; NAKAO S, 1994, J MEMBRANE SCI, V96, P131, DOI 10.1016-0376-7388(94)00128-6; Norouzbahari S, 2009, DESALINATION, V238, P174, DOI 10.1016-j.desal.2008.01.045; Oron G, 2008, WATER SCI TECHNOL, V57, P1383, DOI 10.2166-wst.2008.243; PAPPENHEIMER JR, 1953, PHYSIOL REV, V33, P387; Paraskeva CA, 2007, DESALINATION, V213, P218, DOI 10.1016-j.desal.2006.04.087; Park H. 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Economic feasibility of a solar still desalination system with enhanced productivity
No full textSolar still desalination systems offer sustainable tools for fresh water production. However, their widespread application is often hindered by their relatively low production rates compared to other desalination methods. In this study, a simple amendment, in the form of a slowly-rotating hollow cylinder, was introduced within the solar still, significantly increasing the evaporative surface area. This new modified still was analyzed in terms of both operation and economic feasibility. The introduced cylinder resulted in a 200-300% increase in water output relative to a control, which did not include the cylinder. The resulting percent improvement far exceeds that obtained by other modifications. Unit production cost estimates varied between 6 and 60/m3 depending on discount rates, productivity, service lifetime and initial capital costs. These projections are well within reported cost ranges for renewable-based technologies. In order to evaluate the system's feasibility in real market value, different scenarios that introduce carbon-trading schemes and environmental degradation costs for fuel-based desalination, were performed. Reported costs for fuel-based brackish water and seawater desalination were thus adjusted to include unaccounted-for costs related to environmental damage. This analysis yielded results that further justify the economic feasibility of the new modified solar still, particularly for seawater desalination. © 2013 Elsevier B.V.The authors would like to acknowledge the Lebanese National Council for Scientific Research and the Middle East Desalination Research Center, Oman for financially supporting this work
Developments in solar still desalination systems: A critical review
No full textSolar still desalination uses a sustainable and pollution-free source to produce high-quality water. The main limitation is low productivity and this has been the focus of intensive research. A major concern while increasing productivity is to maintain economic feasibility and simplicity. The authors present a critical review of the research work conducted on solar stills development. Studies addressing each parameter of concern are grouped together and results compared. Novelty in design and newly introduced features are presented. Modeling efforts of flow circulation within the still and methods to estimate internal heat transfer coefficients are discussed and future research needs are outlined. © 2012 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.The authors would like to acknowledge the Lebanese National Council for Scientific Research and the Middle East Desalination Research Center, Oman, for financially supporting this work
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
No full textThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Square Dancing with the Stars to Enhance Dynamic Hirschman Linkages?
No full textIn this Presidential Address, the author takes the reader on a reconnaissance of his life and time as a regional scientist. He points out scenery he found scintillating along the way, hoping that some may pick up the banner and chew on a few of the ideas for a while. He suggests a revisit to Albert O. Hirschman’s notion of key sectors and more empirical analysis related to Marcus Berliant’s and Masahisa Fujita’s notion of knowledge creation and transfer.Presidential Address, San Antonio, Texas, March 29, 2014 (53rd Meetings of the Southern Regional Science Association
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
No full textWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Letter from unknown writer to Jesse L. Boyce
No full textLetter to Jesse L. Boyce from unknown author (possibly Jack) about the investigation into the powder magazine located in the Grand Canyon. Some personal news is included in the letter such as the writer's marriage to the daughter of C.A. Taylor, former Supervisor of Cochise County
Impact of intermittent water supply on water quality in Lebanon
No full textLebanon in general and its capital, Beirut, suffer from water shortage due to the increasing water demand and the lack of proper management despite its abundant water resources. An intermittent water supply strategy was implemented in order to minimise deficiency problems. This, however, can seriously affect water quality due to the potential suction of non-potable water by negative pressures, biofilm detachment, and microbial re-growth especially when static conditions occur. Intermittent supplies also entail storing water in household tanks to satisfy demand during no-flow periods, and these tanks often encourage bacterial re-growth. Dumping of disinfectants in order to circumvent bacterial presence and the subsequent formation of undesirable byproducts is another concern. A study was conducted in Beirut over an eight-month period, during which samples were collected from household tanks and drinking water taps of Beirut's network. This paper presents the findings of the study and highlights key aspects in intermittent water supply systems. Copyright © 2006 Inderscience Enterprises Ltd.*AGFUND WHO CEHA, 2003, NAT SEM STRAT PROT Q; AYOUB G, 2003, NAT SEM STRAT PROT Q; Boe-Hansen R, 2002, WATER RES, V36, P4477, DOI 10.1016-S0043-1354(02)00191-4; CLARK RM, 1995, J WATER RES PL-ASCE, V121, P423, DOI 10.1061-(ASCE)0733-9496(1995)121:6(423); Clark RM, 1998, J ENVIRON ENG-ASCE, V124, P1203, DOI 10.1061-(ASCE)0733-9372(1998)124:12(1203); Coelho ST, 2003, WA SCI TECHNOL, V3, P119; Delahaye E, 2003, WATER RES, V37, P3689, DOI 10.1016-S0043-1354(03)00288-4; Fass S, 2003, WATER RES, V37, P493, DOI 10.1016-S0043-1354(02)00362-7; Geldreich EE, 1996, MICROBIAL QUALITY WA; LECHEVALLIER MW, 2003, J WATER HEALTH, V1, P1; Lu W, 1999, WATER RES, V33, P827, DOI 10.1016-S0043-1354(98)00229-2; Menaia J, 2003, WA SCI TECHNOL, V3, P209; METNI M, 2002, THESIS AM U BEIRUT; *MOE, 2001, LEB MIN ENV STAT ENV; Momba MNB, 1998, WATER SCI TECHNOL, V38, P283, DOI 10.1016-S0273-1223(98)00703-3; Ollos PJ, 1998, WATER SCI TECHNOL, V38, P275, DOI 10.1016-S0273-1223(98)00702-1; Percival SL, 1998, WATER RES, V32, P243, DOI 10.1016-S0043-1354(97)00132-2; Powell JC, 2000, WATER RES, V34, P117, DOI 10.1016-S0043-1354(99)00097-4; Rompre A, 2000, WATER SCI TECHNOL, V41, P287; Sarin P, 2004, WATER RES, V38, P1259, DOI 10.1016-j.watres.2003.11.022; Tokajian S, 2003, WATER SCI TECHNOL, V47, P229; VIEIRA P, 2003, ACCOUNTING INFLUENCE; WHO, 1995, GUID DRINK WAT QUAL, V154
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
No full textWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
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