1,721,022 research outputs found
The wolf in sheep's clothing: Camouflaged borrowing in Modern German
Full text linkThis article addresses a phenomenon of language contact that has not received much attention in mainstream contact linguistics, namely borrowing via a mechanism Zuckermann (2003) calls MULTISOURCED NEOLOGISATION. Multisourced neologisation is a subtype of Zuckermann's larger class of CAMOUFLAGED BORROWING, and constitutes a special form of calquing in which the calque is phonetically similar to the source language material: It has much in common with folk etymology and is sometimes identified with it, but there are good theoretical reasons to keep the two phenomena apart. Though German is well known for its calquing ability, the application of this special type of calquing has gone virtually unnoticed in the literature as well as in the ongoing public debate over the excessive influx of loanwords. This paper shows that multisourced neologisation is not uncommon in the integration of elements borrowed from English into German, and argues that factors favouring its use include lexical and structural congruities between both languages as well as the relatively high transparency of English to the average speaker of German. Thus, though German does not belong to the protypical language groups using multisourced neologisation that are described by Zuckermann (2003), special circumstances prompt the application of this and other methods of camouflaged borrowing
Diversity vs. uniformity : Europe before the arrival of the Indo-European languages : a comparison with prehistoric Australia
No full textThis paper reviews current theories on the linguistic prehistory of Europe in comparison to the situation of prehistoric Australia. It draws three main conclusions. First, Europe after the last ice age may well have been relatively low in linguistic diversity, giving rise to a remarkably uniform system of place names across Europe. Second, Indo-European languages were in all probability not connected to the spread of agriculture, and they spread without significant movements in population. Third, the extension of the Pama-Nyungan languages in pre-historic Australia is instructive for modelling the spread of the Indo-European languages
Towards a framework of contact etymology
No full textThis paper is structured as follows. Section two discusses the question when the investigation of a contact etymology is warranted by the data and research history. Section 3 introduces the so-called Blueprint Principle, which is used to reconstruct possible contact languages in situation in which the contact language is unknown. In section 4 the core elements of a contact explanation are discussed, and section 5 outlines a methodological framework for the position of contact etymologies. The main points of this paper are summarized in section 6
Introduction : etymology beyond word histories
No full textAs suggested in its title, this volume explicitly attempts to go beyond the more traditional notion of etymology as focusing on words and their history in extending the etymological approach to linguistic units outside the classical lexical domain. In two senses these extensions can be seen as structural rather than lexical. First, constructions, such as relative clauses, are defined by their structure, and the origin of such a structure is the object of a subfield of etymology that can be called “structural etymology”. Second, structural components of language, for instance, grammatical morphemes, such as pronouns, TAM markers, and periphrastic forms, e.g. the English passive, can be investigated etymologically by applying the same research strategy. Many of the studies assembled in this volume follow one of these two pathways beyond classical lexical etymology and apply the etymological approach to structures or structural units
Investigating languages in prehistory : the linguistic roots of Europe
No full textHomelands, theories of origin and chronologies: research on Europe's linguistic prehistory. The research on Europe's linguistic history has been dominated by some classic questions about the origin of the Indo-European languages: a. Where was the Indo-European protolanguage spoken, and hence, from where did the Indo-European languages spread across Europe? b. When did this happen, i.e. how old are Proto-Indo-European and its daughter languages? c. How did the Indo-European languages spread
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Granny got cross : semantic change of kami ‘mother’s mother’ to ‘father’s mother’ in Pama-Nyungan
No full textOne of the more problematic aspects of linking etyma is where there is a difference in meaning between them. As is widely acknowledged, the theoretical underpinnings of work in semantic change do not have the strength of those in phonological change, which are supported by much theoretical phonology and awareness of which are the most common and natural sound changes
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