211 research outputs found
Vowel epenthesis in Pakistani English
No full textJabeen F, Mahmood A, Asghar M. Vowel epenthesis in Pakistani English. Interdisciplinary Journal of Contemporary Research in Business. 2012;3(10)
Acoustic analysis of /θ/ and /ð/ sounds in Pakistani English
No full textJabeen F, Asghar M, Mahmood A. Acoustic analysis of /θ/ and /ð/ sounds in Pakistani English. International Education Studies. 2011;4(4):131-136
Epenthesis in Urdu
No full textThe motivation of this research is epenthesis, an important Urdu phonological phenomenon. Presently, this work deals with the phonological rules for understanding the role of epenthesis and re-syllabification in Urdu content words, at larger scale, in speech of Pakistani Urdu speakers. The 10 hours audio-corpus has become the source of motivation for the current study due to its multiple pronunciations (Farooq & Mumtaz, 2016), (Farooq & Mahmood, 2020). That annotated speech data has multiple information i.e., same parts-of speech (POS), spellings and meanings but different pronunciations which ultimately becomes the cause of re-syllabification at different places and contexts. Therefore, that annotated speech corpus is used as baseline of this research (Mumtaz, et al., 2014), (Habib, Hijab, Hussain, & Adeeba, 2014) but the selected words’ list includes only those words which have different pronunciations occurred due to the epenthesis. Later this list has been shared and asked to record by 29 native Urdu speakers in Pakistan. Thus, data analysis has confirmed different reasons for causing epenthesis in Urdu; (i) contextual variations, (ii) inter-speaker variations, (iii) stress variations, (iv) multilingual effect, etc. All these variations become the reasons for alternative pronunciations. It is also confirmed that alternative pronunciations are present in the speech data of all speakers but a speaker can use a single pronunciation at a time. Therefore, all different pronunciations have attained the status of alternative pronunciations (Farooq & Mumtaz, 2016) in Pakistani Urdu
A novel simulated annealing trajectory optimization algorithm in an autonomous UAVs-empowered MFC system for medical internet of things devices
No full textThis article investigates a new autonomous mobile fog computing (MFC) system empowered by multiple unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) in order to serve medical Internet of Things devices (MIoTDs) efficiently. The aim of this article is to reduce the energy consumption of the UAVs-empowered MFC system by designing UAVs' trajectories. To construct the trajectories of UAVs, we need to consider not only the order of SPs but also the association among UAVs, SPs, and MIoTDs. The above-mentioned problem is very complicated and is difficult to be handled via applying traditional techniques, as it is NP-hard, nonlinear, non-convex, and mixed-integer. To handle this problem, we propose a novel simulated annealing trajectory optimization algorithm (SATOA), which handles the problem in three phases. First, the deployment (i.e., number and locations) of stop points (SPs) is updated and produced randomly using variable population sizes. Accordingly, MIoTDs are associated with SPs and extra SPs are removed. Finally, a novel simulated annealing algorithm is proposed to optimize UAVs' association with SPs as well as their trajectories. The performance of SATOA is demonstrated by performing various experiments on nine instances with 40 to 200 MIoTDs. The simulation results show that the proposed SATOA outperforms other compared state-of-the-art algorithms in terms of saving energy consumption.The author would like to thank Prince Sultan University for their support. Also, the studies at St. Petersburg State University of Telecommunications. prof. M.A. Bonch-Bruevich were supported by the Ministry of Science and High Education of the Russian Federation by the grant 075-15-2022-1137
A Comparative Perspective on Legal Register in Pakistani English
No full textThe present study investigates linguistic variation of legal register in relation to other special and non-special registers in Pakistani English by applying multidimensional analysis approach introduced by Biber (1988) in his work “Variation across Speech and Writing”. In order to describe a register, a comparative register perspective yields baseline data to comprehend the linguistic properties of an individual register. Comparative studies show that there are significant linguistic differences among registers, known as the patterns of register variation. Thus the current study aims to reveal differences and similarities among legal register and other registers in Pakistani context. The corpus of the study includes legal register with eight legal genres and about two million words whereas mean dimension scores of other registers have been taken from Ahmad and Mahmood, 2015; Hussain, Mahmood and Azher, 2016; Alvi, Mehmood and Rasool, 2016. The results show that legal register and editorials are significantly different from each other along dimension 1,3,4,5 whereas legal register and press reportage are found statistically significantly different along all five dimensions. As regards comparison of legal register and non-special registers, the results reveal highly significant difference between them. It indicates that legal register has specific lexico-grammatical features which distinguish it from other registers. Difference among registers might be due to their different goals, norms and audience. It reveals that functional interpretations on the basis of texts regardless of register variation are inadequate
Non-ionic thiolated cyclodextrins — the next generation
No full textAli Moghadam,1,2 Muhammad Ijaz,2,3 Mulazim Hussain Asim,2,4 Arshad Mahmood,2,5 Max Jelkmann,2 Barbara Matuszczak,6 Andreas Bernkop-Schnürch2 1Institute of Biotechnology, College of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran; 2Center for Chemistry and Biomedicine, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria; 3Department of Pharmacy, COMSATS Institute of Information and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan; 4Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan; 5Department of Pharmacy, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology Abbottabad, Pakistan; 6Center for Chemistry and Biomedicine, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria Introduction: The current study was aimed at developing a novel mucoadhesive thiolated cyclodextrin (CD) without ionizable groups and an intact ring backbone for drug delivery. Materials and methods: Thiolated beta CD (β-CD) was prepared through bromine substitution of its hydroxyl groups followed by replacement to thiol groups using thiourea. The thiolated β-CD was characterized in vitro via dissolution studies, cytotoxicity studies, mucoadhesion studies on freshly excised porcine intestinal mucosa, and inclusion complex formation with miconazole nitrate. Results: Thiolated β-CDs namely β-CD-SH600 and β-CD-SH1200 displayed 558.66 ± 78 and 1,163.45 ± 96 µmol thiol groups per gram of polymer, respectively. Stability constant (Kc) of 190 M-1 confirmed the inclusion complex formation of miconazole nitrate with β-CD-SH. Inclusion complexes of β-CD-SH600 and β-CD-SH1200 resulted in 157- and 257-fold increased solubility of miconazole nitrate, respectively. In addition, more than 80% of thiol groups were stable even after 6 hours at pH 5. Both β-CD-SH compounds showed at least 1.3-fold improved solubility in water. In contrast to cationic thiolated CDs of the first generation, both thiomers showed no significant cytotoxicity. The mucoadhesive properties of the new thiolated CDs were 39.73- and 46.37-fold improved, respectively. Conclusion: These results indicate that β-CD-SH might provide a new favorable tool for delivery of poorly soluble drugs providing a prolonged residence time on mucosal surfaces. Keywords: thiolated cyclodextrin, mucosal delivery, inclusion comple
Development of Diacritical Marks to Punjabi Shahmukhi nouns and verbs.
No full textEl estudio ha sido diseñado para aplicar marcas diacríticas a 1000 palabras del Punjabi, incluidos 800 nombres y 200 verbos. El corpus de 2 millones de palabras ha sido tomado de diferentes libros, periódicos, revistas, artículos y novelas. Punjabi Shahmukhi carece de recursos digitales en línea para desarrollar diferentes herramientas del Procesamiento de Lenguaje Natural (PLN), lo que ayudaría a reconocer su estado internacional. Punjabi Shahmukhi tiene una escritura "Perso-árabe" y ha sido ignorada por los lingüistas para digitalizar su literatura. El estudio es significativo ya que servirá para el desarrollo de wordnet, ayudando a desarrollar un etiquetador de la parte del habla del Punjabi Shahmukhi, digitalizará su literatura y ayudará a los maestros y no nativos a desarrollarse una armonía intercultural. The study has been designed to apply diacritical marks to 1000 Punjabi words including 800 nouns and 200 verbs. The corpus of 2 million words has been taken from the different books, newspapers, magazines, articles and novels. Punjabi Shahmukhi lacks any online digital resource to develop different tools of Natural Language Processing (NLP), which will help to recognize the international status of it. Punjabi Shahmukhi has “Perso-Arabic” script and has been ignored by linguists to digitize its literature. The study is significant as it will serve its part in the development of WordNet and will help to develop a Part of Speech (POS) tagger of Punjabi Shahmukhi, digitize the literature of Punjabi Shahmukhi and be helpful for the teachers and non-natives to develop an intercultural harmony
Linguistic Variations across Disciplines: A Multidimensional Analysis of Pakistani Research Articles
No full textThe current research explores the linguistic identity of Pakistani Academic writing register of Research Articles. Previous quantitative works on Pakistani academic writing have been insufficient due to unrepresentative data and lack of internal and external comparison. This study discovers the language of Pakistani research articles as an academic writing register by investigating the statistically significant linguistic variation among the disciplines of Pakistani Research articles, using Biber’s (1988) five textual dimensions. The results of the study exhibit Pakistani academic research articles language as highly impersonal, non-persuasive, explicit, nonnarrative and informational
A Comparative Analysis of Writer’s Identity in Pakistani Research Theses of English and Psychology
No full textAuthorial presence is the prominent feature of personal metadiscourse. The most significant representation of the writer’s visibility can be represented by using personal pronouns. It helps to establish a direct link between the writer and reader through text. Conversely, writer’s persona in research theses has not received much attention, especially in the field of English and Psychology in Pakistani context. Viewing academic discourse as an interaction, this paper investigates the use of writers’ visibility markers in Pakistani research theses of English and Psychology. Drawing on Karahan’s (2012) classification, the frequency and discourse functions of personal pronouns were explored. The results of this investigation exhibit significant variation in the exploitation of self-mentioning pronouns across two disciplines. </jats:p
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