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فارسی لغات کے مختلف مدارس اور ان کی انفرادی خصوصیات: VARIOUS SCHOOLS OF PERSIAN LEXICOGRAPHY AND THEIR UNIQUE CHARACTERISTICS
No full textThe various schools of Persian lexicography and their unique characteristics have played a crucial role in the development of the Persian language and literature. These schools have not only enhanced the linguistic understanding of Persian but also preserved the historical, literary, and cultural aspects of the language. The tradition of lexicography in Persian has significantly contributed to the evolution, preservation, and intellectual growth of the language, making complex subjects more accessible. Each school of Persian lexicography has highlighted different facets of the Persian language under its distinctive characteristics. They have produced dictionaries that range from ancient classical words to modern scientific terminology, thereby enriching the linguistic comprehension and safeguarding the historical and literary heritage of Persian. For instance, the ancient school focused on the understanding of classical Persian words and literary texts. The Islamic school incorporated Islamic terminology into Persian and played a pivotal role in the promotion of Islamic sciences. The Safavid and Timurid schools developed lexicons according to the needs of the royal court and the state, while the modern school further solidified the evolution of Persian through modern linguistic and historical analysis.
The Sufi school simplified mystical terms and topics, and the philosophy and wisdom school created lexicons on philosophical and scholarly subjects. The sciences and arts school compiled dictionaries on scientific and technical topics, while the literature school produced lexicons to facilitate the understanding of Persian literature. Additionally, the research and criticism school focused on academic research and literary criticism, and the Qajar court lexicography school prepared dictionaries based on the royal court's official language. The modernity and reform school organized dictionaries according to the requirements of contemporary Persian, while the linguistics school developed lexicons based on the structural foundations and principles of the language. The comparative literature school prepared dictionaries that compared Persian literature with other languages, and the contemporary philosophy school compiled lexicons on modern philosophical theories and terms. The social sciences school incorporated social science terminology into Persian, and the historical lexicography school produced dictionaries based on the historical aspects of the Persian language. Moreover, the comparative lexicography school compared Persian with other languages and compiled dictionaries, while the vernacular lexicography school focused on dictionaries based on the popular language and dialects. The technical lexicography school prepared dictionaries for scientific, technical, and professional fields, while the educational lexicography school compiled dictionaries for academic curricula. Lastly, the general lexicography school created comprehensive dictionaries that included all types of words and terms. In summary, the various schools of Persian lexicography, each with its unique focus, have illuminated different aspects of the Persian language and contributed significantly to its development and preservation
شوکت صدیقی کے تین منتخب افسانوں کا موضوعاتی مطالعہ ( کیمیاگر، تیسرا آدمی اور عشق کے دو چار دن کے مطالعے کی روشنی میں): A THEMATIC STUDY OF THREE SELECTED FICTIONS OF SHAUKAT SIDDIQUI)
No full textShaukat Siddiqui is a famed soul in Urdu literature. His contributions to the field encompass four novels, four short story collections, and two columns book compilations. He earned prominence with his magnum opus novel 'Khuda Ki Basti. His short stories shows thematic diversity, exploring topics such as: progressivism, violence, lawlessness, corruption, feudalism, romance, impact of World War II and topics such as refugee resettlement. His works give a subtle portrayal of societal issues, showcasing his mastery of storytelling and commitment to social commentary. In this column, thematic study of three short stories will be presented
رفع الإرتياب عن حكم الأصحاب لبديع الدين (دراسة وتحقيق): Raf-ul-Irtiyab ann Hukm-il-Ashab by Badi-u-Din Rashidi (Research and Editing)
No full textThe book “Raf-ul-Irtiyab ann Hukm-il-Ashab” has been written by Syed Badi-u-Din Rashidi. Syed Badi-u-Din was one of the best writer of Islamic Thought. He authored more than one hundred and eight books in vaoius languages Urdu, Arabic and Sindhi etc. He was born in 1924 in Haiderabad and died in 1996. There Rose many scholars who their services in one filed of Usol-e-Hadith. His book “Raf-ul-Irtiyab ann HUkm-il-Ashab is about the ijtihad of the companions of Muhammad (صلى الله عليه وسلم), whether it is an argument for us or not. This work of his is an ideal and intellectual asset in the Islamic world. We have presented a research review of this book in the article
Analyzing Communicative Needs of Medical Representatives and Designing Strategic Course for them
Full text linkEffective communication is pivotal for medical representatives to convey complex medical information to healthcare professionals. Medical representatives are facing many hurdles to meet the current standard of International level. So, it has become significantly essential to draw attention of pharmaceutical industry towards that issue and plan something effective for developing proficiency in language skills of medical representatives. This mixed methods study investigated the communicative needs of MRs in the pharmaceutical industry, identified gaps in the existing training and designed a strategic course to enhance their communicative effectiveness. A survey of 100 medical representatives, semi-structured interview with 10 doctors and observation in natural settings revealed significant communicative needs including clarity, concision, technical knowledge and interpersonal skills. Existing training programs were found lacking in contextualized language practice and scenario based training. Medical representatives need to possess specific communication skills to communicate effectively with the healthcare experts. Critical communication abilities are found to include product understanding, responding to objections, and developing rapport. The findings of the study are the communication abilities of medical personnel can be greatly enhanced by a customized training program. The study's conclusions highlight the necessity of continuing to engage in communication skills training, which has broad implications for the pharmaceutical sector. Pharmacists can improve performance, customer satisfaction, and patient care by determining the medical representative's communication needs and creating tailored training courses
Negotiating Fractured Identity in Hamid’s The Last White Man: A Postcolonial Critique
Full text linkIdentity is the most significant concept in postcolonial theory due to colonization and globalization. The purpose of this research paper is to examine the theme of fractured identity and its consequences in Hamid’s novel The Last White Man through the postcolonialism perspective. The plot of the novel is based on the theme of race and identity in a society that is undergoing a transformation. Thus, the story of the protagonist and the society’s reaction to his change in skin color in this work of fiction reveal the issues of identity development in the context of power relations in the increasingly interconnected world. Conclusion of this research paper demonstrates that the novel is, indeed, a postcolonial text that deals with the issues of race, identity, otherness and resistance and challenges the dominant racial and cultural hierarchies. The Last White Man is a profound meditation on the postcolonial subject and an appeal for a new understanding of identity and society in the light of the classless socialist society
PASHTO TERMINOLOGIES AND THEIR UTILIZATION IN QUETTA AND KANDAHARI DIALECT
Full text linkBecause of various linguistic variances, a spoken language typically includes multiple dialects. There are various dialects of Pashto, the language that is spoken in South Asia. The current study intends to investigate the lexical distinctions between the Pashto dialects spoken in Quetta, Pakistan, and Kandahar, Afghanistan, referred to as the Western dialect. There are many and varied ways in which the distinctions exist. The focus of this study is on the vocabulary variations between the identical dialects spoken in Quetta and Kandahar, two distinct capitals. In the study, a few frequently occurring neologisms in the Kandahari dialect were identified using primary and secondary sources. When the two types are compared, it becomes clear why the Kandahar dialect is more dynamic and progressive lexically than the Quetta dialect. It also highlights some of the frequent phonological alterations that have taken place in the borrowed terms of the Quetta dialect. These phonological alteration examples very clearly show how the phonotactics of the recipient language cut a borrowed word. Determine the currency of the newly generated words in both domains to understand the critical role language policies and neology—the study of word emergence—play in keeping variety dynamic
اہداف شریعت کے دائرہ ہائے کار : عموم و خصوص اور دیگر عناصر کا ارتباطی مطالعہ: Scope of Sharia Objectives: A Comparative Study of General and Specific Dimensions and Their Interrelationships
No full textThis study investigates the scope of Sharia objectives, examining both their general and specific dimensions and their interconnectedness. Sharia objectives (maqasid al-shariah) represent the ethical and moral principles that underpin Islamic law, aiming to preserve essential human interests and promote justice. The research explores how these objectives encompass broad principles such as the preservation of religion, life, intellect, progeny, and property, while also addressing specific applications in legal rulings and social contexts. By analyzing the interplay between general principles and specific applications, the study provides insights into the dynamic nature of Sharia as a comprehensive legal and ethical framework
THE TEACHERS’ UNDERSTANDING REGARDING THE IMPACT OF PARENTAL INVOLVEMENT IN SCHOOL ACTIVITIES ON EARLY CHILDHOOD EDUCATION IN THE PUBLIC SECTOR SCHOOLS IN PAKISTAN: AN EXPLORATORY STUDY.
Full text linkOne of the key factors in ensuring that children continue to learn and develop successfully is parents' engagement in their education as parents are the ones who know their children the best. However, in public sector schools in Sindh, Pakistan, teachers perceive a lack of parental attention and involvement in their children's academics. This study aims to identify and analyze teachers' perceptions of parental involvement, the frequency of such involvement, and its effects on early childhood education in public sector schools in Sindh, Pakistan. The present study is suitable for the improvement of learning and developing early childhood education, leading to improved results for children. 300 teachers were randomly selected as respondents using a simple sampling method in Hyderabad district Sindh. The research, employing a quantitative approach, utilizes a likert scale questionnaire from teachers and parents to gather data from a large sample, contributing to an in-depth understanding of the impact of parental engagement on childhood education. The results suggested, in accordance with teachers’ understanding that parents do not frequently involve in their children’s early childhood education. This low parental involvement causes the poor academic performance of their children in early childhood education at public sectors schools in Sindh Pakistan
صکوک (اسلامی بانڈز)کے متعلق شرعی احکام :تحقیقی مطالعہ
No full textDirham’s and dinars do not have a personal or Sharia definition, but it is related to alias and reform, because dirham’s and dinars are not intended in themselves, but they are a means of mutual transactions, that is why they are considered as value, because taking advantage of the rest of the property Therefore, they do not have this reality. The means that do not have any purpose associated with the substance and form, it achieves the purpose anyway. The objections are not too weighty, therefore the majority of contemporary scholars, fatwa’s of most muftis and the resolutions of important jurisprudential bodies are in favor of it
Rhetorical and Stylistic analysis of English Translations of ‘Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam’
Full text linkThis research deals with the stylistic analysis of English translation of Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam. It tells how modern stylistic elements can be used in revival of old literature to make it attractive and famous. In addition, how an old literature can compete with the modern literature in terms of creative language use. Fitzgerald use different techniques in his translations to make poetry interesting and periphrastic. The study was exploratory in design and random sample of 40 English translated stanzas of Omar Khyam poetry were taken to undergo content and stylistic analysis of the text. Fitzgerald mainly uses deviation and parallelism in his poetry and it makes great turnout to make his work publically famous and attractive. Different types of deviation and parallelism are used in to invoke the poetical rhetoric of the text. However, it has also been found that the translated version of the poetry does not correlate with the poetical rhetoric of the original text by Omar Khayam. The study strongly recommends pursuing further research in this domain to compare the source and translated texts of the poetry