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Epistemologi Keilmuwan Al Ghazali dan Implikasinya Terhadap Konsep Pendidikan Islam
Full text linkDiny Mahdany, NIM: 13003520032. Epistemologi Keilmuwan Al Ghazāli dan Implikasinya Terhadap Konsep Pendidikan Islam, di bawah bimbingan I: Prof. Dr. H. Asmaran As. MA dan II: Prof. Dr. H. Mahyuddin Barni, M.Ag, pada Pasasarjana IAIN Antasari Banjarmasin, Tahun 2017.
Kata kunci : Epistemologi Ilmu, al Ghazāli, Konsep Pendidikan Islam.
Epistemologi keimuwan Islam secara faktual harus terus dikembangkan untuk menemukan bentuk yang paling ideal. Sepanjang sejarah Islam, salah satu tokoh yang paling berpengaruh dalam pemikiran Islam adalah al Ghazāli . Dalam perjalanan intelektualnya al Ghazāli mengalami paling tidak tiga sistem pemahaman agama, yaitu ilmu fikih yang formalistik, ilmu kalam yang rasional dan ilmu tasawuf yang intuitif, tiga sistem yang tidak saja berbeda tetapi juga secara metodologis bertentangan. Pada tiga sistem ini al Ghazāli memiliki metode, struktur keilmuan dan epistemologi yang berbeda. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui secara objektif mengenai epistemologi keilmuwan al Ghazāli , serta implikasinya terhadap konsep pendidikan Islam.
Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian pustaka dengan pendekatan historis – filosofis, data diperoleh dari sumber data primer yaitu kitab: al Munqidz min al Dhalāl, Ihya ‘Ulum al dîn, al Maqāshîd al Falāsifah, Tahāfut al Falāsifah, al Risālah al ladunniyah, dan beberapa karya al Ghazāli lainnya. Sumber data sekunder diperoleh dari buku Mustafa Abu Sway: A Study in islamic epistemology al Ghazāli , dan beberapa buku lainnya. Analisis data dilakukan dengan mengumpulkan, mencatat, dan mengklarifikasi, kemudian dilakukan analisisa.
Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa struktur klasifikasi keilmuwan al Ghazāli terbagi menjadi beberapa klasifikasi yaitu ilmu-ilmu teoretis dan praktis, ilmu hudhūri dan ilmu hushūli, klasifikasi ilmu syar'iyah dan 'aqliyah, dan klasifikasi ilmu menjadi ilmu-ilmu fardh ‘ain dan fardhu kifāyah. Al Ghazāli berpendapat bahwa manusia mempunyai potensi untuk memperoleh ilmu melalui pancaindra, akal dan intuisi. Pancaindra bekerja pada wilayah fisis sensual, dan berhenti pada batas kawasan akal. Akal bekerja dikawasan abstrak dengan memanfaatkan input dari pancarindra melalui khayal dan wahm, berhenti pada ranah transdental. Pengetahuan intuisi pada wilayah pengetahuan Allah dan rasul Nya diperoleh penjelasannya melalui mukāsyafah – musyāhadah. Cara memperoleh ilmu menurut al Ghazāli yaitu teori iktisabi, yakni bahwa ilmu diperoleh dengan cara belajar dan penelitian, dan teori ilhami, yakni bahwa ilmu diperoleh malalui ilham dengan proses mujahadah (perjuangan spiritual), yaitu takhliyah dan taĥliyah.
Implikasi al Ghazāli terhadap konsep pendidikan Islam adalah sebagai berikut: dalam tujuan pendidikan Islam, pendapat al Ghazāli ilmu harus dipahami, kemudian diamalkan sehingga akhirnya bisa berbuah sifat – sifat yang terpuji, dengan tujuan akhir agar manusia memperoleh kebahagiaan di dunia dan akhirat. Dalam hal kelembagaan pendidikan Islam, ditemukan bahwa pesantren adalah merupakan salah satu dari penerapan pemikiran pendidikan al Ghazāli. Dalam kurikulum al Ghazāli bersifat holistik dimana terdapat kolaborasi antara syar’iyah dengan ‘aqliyah sehingga terbentuk komposisi kurikulum yang seimbang antara ‘ulum syar’iyah dan ‘ulum ghairu syar’iyah. Dalam hal evaluasi pendidikan al Ghazāli bersifat pragmatis, dia berpendapat bahwa evaluasi pendidikan terjadi pada kehidupan sehari – hari bukan sekedar melalui ujian diatas kertas, namun evaluasi langsung praktek pada kehidupan sehari – hari akan lebih tepat sasaran
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
The Influence of Al-Ghazali's Sufistic Thought on Pesantren Education Practices in Indonesia
Full text linkPesantren education in Indonesia faces challenges in integrating the development of spiritual, moral, and academic competence of santri in a balanced manner. Al-Ghazzali's Sufistic thought is considered relevant to strengthen pesantren education practices because it emphasises purification of the soul (tazkiyatun nafs), moral development (tarbiyatul akhlaq), and systematic dhikr practices. This study aims to analyse the influence of al-Ghazzali's Sufistic principles on pesantren education practices in Indonesia. The research used a qualitative approach with a descriptive-analytic type to obtain an in-depth understanding of the implementation of Sufistic values in the context of pesantren education. Data were collected through in-depth interviews with kyai, ustaz, and santri; participatory observation of learning and worship activities; and documentation of curriculum and teaching records. Data analysis was conducted through reduction, presentation, and triangulation to ensure the validity and consistency of the findings. The results show that the application of the tazkiyatun nafs principle encourages santri to conduct self-reflection, routine dhikr, and spiritual evaluation so as to increase self-awareness, discipline, and emotional control. The principle of tarbiyatul akhlaq through moral mentoring and social activities strengthens the character, empathy, and social responsibility of santri. The integration of al-Ghazzali's Sufistic values in the curriculum and daily activities creates a balance between intellectual and spiritual aspects, forming students who are spiritually mature, noble, and able to interact harmoniously in society. In conclusion, al-Ghazzali's Sufistic thought plays a significant role in improving the quality of pesantren education holistically. Future research is recommended to compare pesantren that apply Sufistic principles with those that do not, as well as examining the application of Sufistic
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
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