1,720,970 research outputs found
Nicotine-related interpretation biases in cigarette smoking individuals
No full textAbstract Addictive behaviors are characterized by information processing biases, including substance-related interpretation biases. In the field of cigarette smoking, such biases have not been investigated yet. The present study thus adopted an open-ended scenario approach to measure smoking-related interpretation biases. Individuals who smoke, those who ceased smoking, and those without a smoking history (total sample N = 177) were instructed to generate spontaneous continuations for ambiguous, open-ended scenarios that described either a smoking-related or neutral context. Overall, people who smoke generated more smoking-related continuations in response to smoking-relevant situations than non-smoking individuals or people who had stopped smoking, providing evidence for a smoking-related interpretation bias. When differentiating for situation type within smoking-relevant scenarios, smoking individuals produced more smoking-related continuations for positive/social and habit/addictive situations compared to negative/affective ones. Additionally, the tendency to interpret habit/addictive situations in a smoking-related manner was positively associated with cigarette consumption and levels of nicotine dependence. Exploratory analyses indicated that other substance-related continuations were correlated with their respective behavioral counterparts (e.g., the level of self-reported alcohol or caffeine consumption). The present study is the first to demonstrate smoking-related interpretation biases in relation to current cigarette smoking. Future studies should investigate the causal role of such biases in the initiation and/or maintainance of nicotine addiction and the merit of Interpretation-Bias-Modification training to support smoking cessation
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Automatic action tendencies in smokers
No full textDiese Dissertation untersuchte, ob (a) Raucher eine verzerrte automatische Annäherung an Rauch- versus natürlich verstärkende Reize zeigen, (b) ob verzerrtes Annäherungsverhalten durch Varianten des Dopamin D2 Rezeptorgens (DRD2) moduliert werden und (c) ob eine Annäherungsverzerrung für Rauchreize durch ein Training modifizierbar ist. Studie 1 zeigte eine spezifische Annäherungsverzerrung für Rauchreize bei Rauchern. Nichtraucher zeigten jedoch auch eine ähnliche (wenngleich geringere) Annäherung zu Rauchreizen. Ergebnisse der zweiten Studie deuteten darauf hin, dass Raucher mit dem B1 Allel des DRD2 Taq1B Polymorphismus eine verminderte automatische Annäherung an natürlich verstärkende Reize ausweisen. Studie 3 zeigte, dass ein Nikotinvermeidungstraining eine automatische Annäherungsverzerrung für Rauchreize nicht reduzieren konnte. In der 3-monats Katamnese konnte das Nikotinvermeidungstraining jedoch den Nikotinkonsum stärker reduzieren als ein Placebotraining.This dissertation sought to unravel (a) whether smokers display biased automatic approach behavior in response to smoking versus naturally rewarding cues, (b) whether biased approach behavior is modulated by variants of the DRD2 gene, and (c) whether a smoking-related approach bias is malleable through training. revealed a specific approach bias for smoking cues in smokers. However, non-smokers also exhibited a similar (albeit smaller) approach bias for smoking stimuli. showed that smokers with the B1 allele of the DRD2 Taq1B polymorphism displayed less approach for food pictures as compared to smoking pictures and as compared to their non-smoking counterparts, suggesting an attenuated response to naturally rewarding stimuli. revealed that a nicotine avoidance training was not feasible to reduce an approach bias for smoking cues. However, nicotine avoidance training was superior to sham training in reducing nicotine consumption at a thee-month follow-up
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
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