22,422 research outputs found
Costus kupensis Maas & H. Maas 2016, sp. nov.
No full text11. Costus kupensis Maas & H.Maas , sp. nov. — Fig. 5; Plate 3a; Map 6 Costus kupensis can easily be recognized by its yellow flowers and an inflo- rescence terminating a separate leafless shoot, a combination of characters not seen in any other African species of Costus. — Type: Cheek et al. 7111 (holo K; iso L, SCA, WAG, YA), Cameroon, South-West Province, hunters path from Kupe Village to mountain top, 840 m, 24 Jan. 1995. Costus sp. A. Cheek in Cheek et al. (2004) 434, pl. 15E. Terrestrial herb 1.5–3 m tall. Leaves many; sheaths 1–2.5 cm diam, dark red; ligule chartaceous, 2-lobed, 5–18 mm long; petiole 5–10 mm long; sheaths, ligule and petiole rather densely covered with appressed to erect hairs <1 mm long; lamina narrowly obovate-elliptic, 20–27 by 6–9 cm, upper side glabrous, lower side sparsely to rather densely covered with erect hairs <1 mm long on margin and midrib to glabrous, base acute, apex acuminate (acumen 15–20 mm long). Inflorescence many-flowered, ovoid, 4–9 by 3–4 cm, terminating a separate leafless shoot 3–15 cm long; (upper part of) bracts and capsule sparsely to rather densely covered with appressed to erect hairs <1 mm long, bracteole with a row of erect hairs on the keel, calyx glabrous. Flowers 1 per bract; bracts dark reddish brown, coriaceous, broadly to depressed ovate, 1–2 by 1.5–2.5 cm, callus sometimes present and then c. 2 mm long; appendages absent; bracteole boat-shaped, 18–22 mm long, callus c. 1 mm long; calyx 12–16 mm long, in fruit exceeding the bracts, lobes narrowly to broadly triangular, 2–5 mm long, callus absent; corolla yellow, upper part of lobes pinkish, 55–60 mm long, glabrous, tube c. 15 mm long, lobes narrowly elliptic, 40–45 mm long; labellum yellow, with dark yellow nectar guide, funnel-shaped to horizontally flattened, broadly obovate when spread out, c. 50 by 50 mm; stamen yellow, c. 40 by 14 mm, apex recurved, anther 7–8 mm long. Capsule ellipsoid, c. 11 by 6 mm. Seeds c. 2 by 1.5 mm. Distribution — Central Africa (Cameroon). Habitat & Ecology — In rainforest. At elevations of 800– 1000 m. Flowering and fruiting: January, May and October. IUCN Conservation Status — Based on an EOO of 1419 km 2 and an AOO of 12 km 2, occurring on 3 locations, none of which currently has a protected status and one might be already lost, we assess this species as Endangered (EN) B1ab(i,ii,iii,iv,v)+ 2ab(I,ii,iii,iv,v). Other specimens examined. CAMEROON, Littoral Province, Ebo proposed National Park, Yingui, CRES camp on trail to Iboti, 800 m, 23 Apr. 2005, Cheek et al. 12498 (K, YA); Mont Nlonako, 5 km SSE of Nkongsamba, 1000 m, 17 Mar.1976, Letouzey 14456 (K, P). South-West Province, Kupe- Muanenguba Division, Kupe Village, vicinity of saprophyte site on Daniel Ajang’s bush, 870 m, 20 May1996, Cable et al. 2471 (K, U, WAG, YA). Note — The description is partly based on our observations on a living plant in Burgers’ Bush, vouchered as Maas & Maas 10575.Published as part of Kamer 1, H. Maas-van de, Maas 1, P. J. M., Wieringa 1, J. J. & Specht, C. D., 2016, Monograph of African Costaceae, pp. 280-318 in Blumea 61 (3) on page 300, DOI: 10.3767/000651916X694445, http://zenodo.org/record/757002
Costus albiflos Maas & H. Maas 2016, sp. nov.
No full text3. Costus albiflos Maas & H.Maas , sp. nov. — Plate 1c; Map 2 Costus albiflos is very easily recognizable by its leafless flowering shoot, green appendaged bracts and completely white flowers (with only a slightly yellow nectar guide). Its petiole, ligule and sheaths are covered with ap-pressed, 0.5–1 mm long hairs with a thickened base creating a ‘rough’ feeling. — Type: Maas et al. 10411 (holo WAG 2 sheets [WAG0380170, WAG0380171]; iso BR, K, L [L.2079937], LBV, MO, P, UC), Gabon, Estuaire, side road at km 46 of road from Kougouleu to Méla, on the border of Parc National Monts de Cristal, 15 m, 21 Nov. 2011. Terrestrial herb 1–3 m tall. Leaves many; sheaths 1–1.5 cm diam; ligule chartaceous, 2-lobed, 10–30 mm long; petiole 5–10 mm long; sheaths, ligule and petiole rather densely covered with appressed hairs <1 mm long; lamina pale green below, narrowly elliptic to narrowly obovate, 20–40 by 5–8 cm, slightly 6 –10-plicate, upper side glabrous or sparsely covered with appressed hairs <1 mm long, lower side sparsely covered with appressed hairs <1 mm long to glabrous, midrib rather densely so and hairs longer, base acute, apex acuminate (acu-men 15–20 mm long). Inflorescence many-flowered, ovoid, 4–12 by 3–8 cm, terminating a separate leafless shoot 10–50 cm long; bracts, appendages of bracts, bracteoles and calyx sparsely covered with appressed hairs <1 mm long, ovary and capsule glabrous. Flowers 1 per bract; bracts green, coriaceous, broadly ovate, 1.5–2 by 1–2.5 cm, callus absent; append-ages green, horizontally spreading, broadly ovate-triangular to ovate-triangular, 1–3.5 by 1–2.5 cm; bracteole boat-shaped, 18–20(–25) mm long, with 1 or 2 calli 1–1.5 mm long; calyx 9–14 mm long, lobes ovate-triangular, 2–4 mm long, callus absent; corolla white, 50–55 mm long, glabrous, tube c. 15 mm long, lobes narrowly ovate, 35–40 mm long; labellum white, inner side sometimes with a pale yellow nectar guide, horizon-tally flattened, broadly obovate when spread out, 30–35 by 30 mm; stamen white, 30–40 by 10 mm, anther 5–6(–9) mm long. Capsule ellipsoid, 10–15 by 6–8 mm. Seeds 1–2 by 1–2 mm. Distribution — Central Africa (Cameroon, Gabon). Habitat & Ecology — In lowland rainforest, often near streams, at elevations of 0– 700 m. Flowering and fruiting: February, April and May. IUCN Conservation Status — Based on an AOO of 40 km 2 from seven locations of which only one is part of a National Park, while most others face several logging threats, we assess this species as Vulnerable (VU): B2ab(ii,iii,iv). Other specimens examined. CAMEROON, South Province, Collines BOG, 5 km W of Atogboga (25 km NNE of Bipindi), 30 Jan. 1974, Letouzey 12829 (P); Colline Nkol Tsia, 18 km NW of Bipindi, near Gouap, 488 m, 5 Feb. 1974, Letouzey 12913 (P); Nyangong, transect 8, 700 m, 12 Dec. 1996, Van Gemerden 101 (WAG). South-West Province, Ndian, Ekundu Kundu, 200 m, 26Apr.1996, Cheek et al. 8204 (K, WAG). – GABON, Estuaire, Crystal Mountains, 3 km along track Alen Nkomo-Andok Foula, 30 m, 21 Nov. 1986, J.J.F.E. de Wilde et al. 8895 (LBV, MO, WAG); Parc National de Monts de Cris-tal, road L108 from Kinguélé to Tchimbélé, past Kinguélé, c. 300 m, 24 Oct. 2011, Maas et al.9968 (LBV, WAG). Woleu-Ntem, Chantier Oveng,c. 500 m, 7 May 1986, A.M. Louis 2185 (LBV, WAG); Crystal Mountains, 1 km S of Tchimbélé, 450 m, 14 Nov. 2004, Wieringa et al. 5423 (WAG).Published as part of Kamer 1, H. Maas-van de, Maas 1, P. J. M., Wieringa 1, J. J. & Specht, C. D., 2016, Monograph of African Costaceae, pp. 280-318 in Blumea 61 (3) on page 293, DOI: 10.3767/000651916X694445, http://zenodo.org/record/757002
Costus lilaceus Maas & H. Maas. Lateral 2016, sp. nov.
No full text14. Costus lilaceus Maas & H.Maas , sp. nov. — Plate 3d; Map 9 Costus lilaceus can be recognized by its often epiphytic habit, pink to lilac flowers and its inflorescences placed laterally in the axil of a leaf or termi- nating a separate leafless shoot. — Type: J.J.F.E. de Wilde et al. (WALK-B series) 40 (holo WAG 2 sheets [WAG0114490, WAG0114491]; iso BR, C, LBV, MO, P), Gabon, Woleu-Ntem, Crystal Mountains, 7 km along the road from Tchimbélé to Kinguélé, 620 m, 18 Jan. 1983. Epiphytic or sometimes terrestrial herb 0.3–1.6 m tall. Leaves many; sheaths 0.3–0.8 cm diam; ligule reddish brown to orange, membranous, truncate, 20–60(–80) mm long, often longer than the internode; petiole 2–15 mm long; sheaths, ligule and petiole glabrous; lamina shiny bright or pale green at upper side, less shiny, sometimes purplish or glaucous at lower side, (narrowly) elliptic or rarely (ob)ovate, more or less falciform, 9–30 by 3–8 cm, coriaceous and somewhat fleshy, glabrous on both sides, base acute to obtuse, apex acute to acuminate (acumen 15–20 mm long). Inflorescences generally several per flowering branch, each one few- to several-flowered, ovoid to ellipsoid, (1–)1.5–5 by 1–2.5 cm, lateral in the axil of a leaf with a peduncle 0.5–2.5 cm long or terminating a separate leafless shoot emerging from the rhizome 0.8–1 cm long or terminating a leafy shoot; bracts, bracteoles, calyx, ovary and capsule sparsely to rather densely covered with erect hairs <1 mm long. Flowers 1 per bract; bracts dark reddish brown to dark green with red dots, old bracts (pale) brown, chartaceous, narrowly to broadly elliptic-(ob)ovate, 0.3–1.1 by 0.1–1.1 cm, callus yellowish green, 0.5–1.5 mm long, sometimes inconspicuous; appendages absent; bracteole tubular, 7–9 mm long, callus green, 1–1.5 mm long; calyx pale green to crimson to dark reddish brown, 7–23 mm long, lobes shallowly triangular 1–2.5 mm long, callus yellowish green, 1–2 mm long; corolla hyaline, white, 30–50 mm long, glabrous, tube 10–15 mm long, lobes narrowly elliptic, 30–40 mm long; labellum at the outer side basally white, upper part pale lilac, inner side pale pink to lilac or rarely white (see note), with bright yellow to orange nectar guide and reddish dots and hairs at the base, horizontally flat- tened with funnel-shaped base, broadly obovate when spread out, 35–70 by 30–65 mm, margin irregularly crenate undulate; stamen white to pale pink with reddish dots, 30–35 by 10–12 mm, apex bright yellow, anther 9–10 mm long. Capsule ellipsoid to broadly ellipsoid, 6–7 by 4 mm. Seeds c. 1 mm diam. Distribution — West Africa (Nigeria); Central Africa (Cam- eroon, Congo Brazzaville, Congo Kinshasa, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon). Habitat & Ecology — In primary or sometimes secondary rainforest, in wet places (epiphytic specimens), but also in savanna forest in rocky places or on outcrops (terrestrial speci- mens), at elevations of 80–1530 m. Flowering and fruiting: all year through, especially in January. IUCN Conservation Status — This species with about 22 locations and an AOO of 248 km 2 is assessed as Least Concern (LC). Representative specimens examined. CAMEROON, Littoral Province, Forêt de Bakaka, 3 km E of Eboné (on km 11 of Nkongsamba-Loum Road), 520 m, 28 Jan. 1972, Leeuwenberg 9317 (BR, K, MO, P, WAG, YA). South Province, Lolodorf, 8 Jan. 1968, Bamps 1748 (BR). South-West Province, Mts Rumpi, near Dikome Balue, 35 km NNW of Kumba, 1200 m, 25 Mar. 1976, Letouzey 14578 (P), Bakossi Mts, W of Bangem, 1400 m, 3 Jan.1986, D.W. Thomas 5262 (MO, NY). – CONGO BRAZZAVILLE, Kouilou, cultivated at Pointe Noire, originating from Maiombe, région de Dimonika, 29 Oct. 1988, De Foresta 1739 (P). Niari, border of Congo Brazzaville and Gabon, 500 m from the Loambitsi River, 4 Feb. 1975, Sita 3884 (BR). – CONGO KINSHASHA, Nord-Kivu, Kitshanga, 1300 m, 7 Jan. 1959, A. Léonard 2348 (BR). Sud- Kivu, Territoire Kalehe,km 110 of road from Kavumu to Walikale,Irangi,near River Luhoho, 850 m, 6 Dec. 1956, Christiaensen 1920 (BR, U). – EQUATORIAL GUINEA, Centro Sur, Bata-Monte Alén, 18 Mar. 1994, Carvalho 5488 (WAG); Parque Nacional de Monte Alén, near Lago Atok, 2 July 1998, Pérez Viso 19 (WAG). – GABON, Estuaire, Monts de Cristal, Mkam-Mela, 950 m, 30 Jan. 1968, Hallé & Villiers 4746 (P). Ngounié, 25 km NE of Mouila, 19 Dec.1985, Wilks 1166 (WAG). Nyanga, 25 km SW of Doussala, 11 Jan. 1987, Reitsma & Reitsma 2835 (MO, NY, WAG). Ogooué-Ivindo, road on Babiel-Nord, few kms W of Belinga, 900 m, 18 July 1985, Bos et al. 10685 (BR, MO, WAG). – NIGERIA, Ogoja, Ikwette-Balegeta path, 4500 ft, 29 Dec. 1948, Savory & Keay FHI 25202 (K, P). Notes — Costus lilaceus can only be separated from C. lateriflorus by the colour of the labellum of the flowers being yellow in C. lateriflorus but pink to lilac in C. lilaceus. Many specimens have wrongly been identified as C. letestui, assuming the flowers of this species were lilac in colour (Koechlin 1964, 1965). As C. letestui turned out to be a synonym of C. lateriflorus (see under that species), these specimens with pink to lilac flowers needed a new name: C. lilaceus. Costus lilaceus has been found epiphytic in trees up to 25 m high on Parkia bicolor (Bamps 1612), Gilbertiodendron dewevrei (Christiaensen 1826 and 1920) and Julbernardia (Letouzey 12730). The plant forms a clump with pendant shoots. When terrestrial it is often found at high altitude growing over rock, forming a ‘dense mat of Costus between the trees and shrubs’ (A.M. Louis 2318). Studying the distribution of C. lilaceus and C. lateriflorus we found a difference in the altitude where both species occur: C. lilaceus is generally found growing at higher elevations (80–1530 m), avoiding the sedimentary basin; C. lateriflorus seems to prefer the coastal sedimentary areas of Gabon and Cameroon (0–800 m). Some specimens of C. lilaceus have flowers with a very pale lilac to almost white labellum and a bright yellow nectar guide.Published as part of Kamer 1, H. Maas-van de, Maas 1, P. J. M., Wieringa 1, J. J. & Specht, C. D., 2016, Monograph of African Costaceae, pp. 280-318 in Blumea 61 (3) on pages 303-304, DOI: 10.3767/000651916X694445, http://zenodo.org/record/757002
Mobility-as-a-Service from a health perspective: Exploratory research into the potential health impacts of MaaS
No full textDue to current, ongoing mega trends such as continuing urbanisation and expanding population size, pressure on our urban transport system is increasing, resulting in more congestion, emissions, noise pollution and stress, among others. Transport is seen as one of a range of factors outside of health and medical fields which are known to impact health. This research explored the possibilities for health impacts in the urban environment of the concept Mobility-as-a-Service (MaaS). The service holds the promise to bring some relief to urban mobility issues and at the same time has potential to impact a variety of sectors beyond transport, of which health is one. This study adopted an exploratory and qualitative research approach using mixed methods. A conceptual framework was constructed and health assessment performed to show MaaS has potential to contribute to positive health outcomes in urban environments. MaaS services can be used as an entry point for different stakeholders to deliver health improvements at the individual and societal scales. It will require, however, further attention and investment in the design of the service from the diversity of stakeholders influencing mobility and health processes. Government will likely need to play an active role in service design to achieve positive health impacts. There is a clear risk that poorly conceived MaaS designs will produce negative outcomes in important parts of the urban system, for example in terms of congestion, emissions, stress, social inequity and accessibility. Any negative impacts on the urban system have health implications.Transport, Infrastructure and Logistic
Jan here uan Kuyc an Jan uan der godes genAden her- toge uan Lothrigge ende uan brabant - 1286 Oktober 31.
No full textJan, Herr von Kuik, beurkundet, daß er für seinen Herren, Herzog Jan [I., den Siegreichen] von Brabant-Lothringen, für des Herzogs Helfer und Freunde, für sich selbst und seine Helfer und Freunde gelobt habe: 1) Man wird weder von des Herzogs Seite noch von seiner Seite im Land von Kessele und in dem dem Grafen von Geldern gehörigen Grundgebiet von Rode [Rolduc, Klosterrade s. u.] Schaden mit Raub und Brand oder auf sonstige Art stiften. 2) Man wird weder von seiten des Herzogs noch von seiten Jans van Kuik Schaden stiften, indem man durch das Land von Kuik über die Maas in das Land des Grafen von Geldern einfällt. Eine Ausnahmestellung nimmt die Jan van Kuik gehörige Stadt Grave ein: durch sie und von ihr aus kann Jan van Kuik mit seinen Knappen und Freunden über die Maas in das Gebiet des Grafen von Geldern einfallen, wann er will und kann, vorbehaltlich eingegangener Verträge. 3) Jan van Kuik kann mit seinen Knappen und Freunden dem Herzog von Brabant anderswohin zu Hilfe kommen und dienen, ohne daß der Graf von Geldern durch das Land von Kessele, das Territorium von Rode oder das Territorium von Kuik mit seinen Helfern und Freunden in das Land des Herzogs von Brabant einfallen darf, um diesem und Jan van Kuik nebst seinen Freunden Schaden zu tun. 4) Alle im Land von Kessele, im Territorium von Rode und im Land von Kuik Gesessenen, sollen ganzen Frieden [Waffenruhe] haben, auch in Bezug auf ihren Besitz. Der Herzog von Brabant kann diesen Vertrag jederzeit mit einer Frist von vier Tagen [vor Beginn der Feindseligkeiten durch ihn] zu Kessele kündigen. 5) Es ist ausgemacht, daß der Graf von Geldern, seine Helfer und Freunde im Lande von Kuik außerhalb von Grave weder mit Raub, Brand, Forderung noch in sonstiger Weise Schaden anrichten dürfen, auch betreffend ihn, Jan van Kuik und seine Helfer und Freunde, die zwischen Grave und Kessele gesessen sind. --{'name': 'BAdW', 'uri': 'badw.png'
Costus fenestralis Maas & H. Maas 2016, sp. nov.
No full text<p> <b> 7. <i>Costus fenestralis</i> Maas & H.Maas</b> , <i>sp. nov.</i> — Fig. 4; Map 6</p> <p> <i>Costus fenestralis</i> can be recognized by a low number of obovate, densely hairy leaves concentrated at the top of the shoots and bracts soon falling apart into fibers. —</p> <p> Type: <i>Jongkind et al. 5811</i> (holo WAG 2 sheets [WAG0159192, WAG0159193]; iso BR, K, LBV [LBV0004878], MO, UC, WAG-spirit [WAG0115124]), Gabon, Nyanga, Doudou Mountains, Chantier SFN-Bakker, 310 m, 29 Nov. 2003.</p> <p> <i>Etymology. Costus fenestralis</i> has been named for its bracts which have a ‘gauze-like’ appearance caused by the withering of the mesophyll tissue between the veins creating a net-like structure like in rotting old leaves.The same happens in the sheaths on the shoot creating bunches of long fibers around the shoot below the insertion of the leaves.</p> <p> Terrestrial herb 0.5–1 m tall. <i>Leaves</i> 1–4, crowded in a rosette at the top of the shoot; sheaths 0.5–1.5 cm diam, falling apart into separate fibers with age; ligule membranous, obliquely truncate to 1-lobed, 15–20 mm long; petiole absent or up to c. 3 mm long; sheaths, ligule and petiole densely covered with erect hairs <1 mm long to glabrous; lamina pale green on lower side, obovate, 22–35 by 10–15 cm, slightly c. 20-plicate, upper side rather densely covered with appressed to erect hairs 0.5–2 mm long, lower side densely so, base obtuse to cordate, apex acuminate (acumen 5–20 mm long). <i>Inflorescence</i> many-flowered, ovoid, 5–8 by 3.5–5 cm, terminating the leafy shoot; bracts and appendages on both sides densely covered with minute erect hairs <1 mm long, bracteoles with a row of hairs <1 mm long on the keel below the callus, calyx, ovary and capsule glabrous. <i>Flowers</i> 1 per bract; bracts green, chartaceous, depressed ovate, 1.4–1.5 by 2 cm, soon falling apart into separate fibers, callus sometimes present and then 1–2 mm long; appendages green, reflexed, broadly ovate, 0.7–1 by 2 cm; bracteole boat-shaped, 14–15 mm long, callus c. 2 mm long; calyx 13–15 mm long, split on one side, lobes triangular, 2–5 mm long, callus absent; corolla white, 40–60 mm long, glabrous, tube c. 10 mm long, lobes apically purplish, narrowly ovate, 30–50 mm long; labellum lilac, inner side with a yellow nectar guide, horizontally flattened, broadly obovate when spread out, 50–60 by 50–60 mm, margin crenate; stamen colour unknown, c. 30 by 10 mm, anther 6–7 mm long. <i>Capsule</i> and <i>seeds</i> not seen.</p> <p>Distribution — Central Africa (Angola (Cabinda), Congo Brazzaville, Gabon).</p> <p>Habitat & Ecology — In primary or secondary rainforest. At elevations of 300– 650 m. Flowering and fruiting: November and December.</p> <p> Field observations — The flowers of <i>C. fenestralis</i> have been reported to be slightly fragrant (<i>Jongkind et al. 5811</i>).</p> <p> IUCN Conservation Status — Based on an AOO of 44 km 2 from six locations of which only two are located in a protected area, while the others recently experienced logging or face several logging threats, we assess this species as Vulnerable (VU): B2ab(ii,iii,iv).</p> <p> <i>Other specimens examined</i>. ANGOLA. <b>Cabinda</b>, Belize, 1 Jan.1919, <i>Gossweiler 8232</i> (BM). – CONGO BRAZZAVILLE, <b>Lékoumou</b>, Komono, 17 Jan. 1965, <i>Bouquet 956</i> (P); Vouala Mongomo, 5 Feb. 1965, <i>Bouquet 1198</i> (P); Route de M’bila, après le village Mouyabi, 12 Jan. 1968, <i>Bouquet 2292</i> (P). – GABON, <b>Ngounié</b>, route Malinga-Moukouagna, après village Nzinzi, 641 m, 12 June 2011, <i>Bissiengou 1319</i> (LBV, WAG). <b>Nyanga</b>, route Tchibanga-Mayumba, 19 Oct.2009, <i>Bissiengou et al. 337</i> (WAG); Doudou Mts, Chantier SNF-Bakker, 310 m, 29 Nov.2003, <i>Jongkind et al.5811</i> (LBV, WAG); Mouabissako, 8 Dec. 1907, <i>Le Testu 1259</i> (BM, P); Forêt du Mayombe, Ndabiliba (‘Dabiliba’), c. 300 m, 5 Feb. 1908, <i>Le Testu 1299</i> (BM, P); 50 km SSW of Doussala, 480 m, 14 Apr.1987, <i>Reitsma et al.3230</i> (MO, NY, WAG). <b>Ogooué-Maritime</b>, Doudou Mts, Reserve de Faune de Moukalaba, 350 m, 5 Dec. 1984, <i>Arends et al. 651</i> (BR, MO, P, WAG).</p>Published as part of <i>Kamer 1, H. Maas-van de, Maas 1, P. J. M., Wieringa 1, J. J. & Specht, C. D., 2016, Monograph of African Costaceae, pp. 280-318 in Blumea 61 (3)</i> on page 296, DOI: 10.3767/000651916X694445, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/7570023">http://zenodo.org/record/7570023</a>
Costus aureus Maas & H. Maas 2016, sp. nov.
No full text4. Costus aureus Maas & H.Maas , sp. nov. — Plate 1b; Map 2 Costus aureus is characterized by flowers that are completely yellow and arranged in an inflorescence terminating a leafy shoot and composed of green and generally appendaged bracts. Vegetatively it looks very similar to C. lucanusianus by having a rim at the base of the ligule.However, this rim is hairless in C. aureus, while it is distinctly hairy in C. lucanusianus. — Type: Berg 186 (holo U 4 sheets [U 0123675, U 0123676, U 0123677, U 0123678]; iso B, MO, NY), Ivory Coast, near Akoupé (NW of Abidjan), 31 July 1972. Costus luteus A.Chev. (1920) 628, nom. illeg. non Blanco (1837) 4. — Type: Chevalier 17125 (lecto P,designated here), Ivory Coast,‘ Vallée de l’Agniéby à Guébo’, 31 Jan.1907; other syntype: Chevalier 17454 (LY, P), Ivory Coast, Attié, near Alépé, 26–28 Feb. to 1–3 Mar. 1907. Terrestrial herb 0.5–3 m tall. Leaves many; sheaths 0.5–3 cm diam; ligule chartaceous, truncate, 1–5(–8) mm long, with a prominent glabrous rim at its base; petiole 5–18 mm long; sheaths, ligule and petiole sparsely to rather densely covered with erect to appressed hairs <1 mm long; lamina shiny on both sides, lower side dull greyish green, narrowly elliptic, rarely narrowly obovate, 15–30 by 4–8 cm, slightly plicate, margins often somewhat undulate, upper side sparsely covered with appressed hairs <1 mm long (mainly along midrib) to glabrous above, lower side sparsely to rarely rather densely covered with appressed hairs <1 mm long, base acute, the very base sometimes somewhat rounded, apex acuminate (acumen 5–20 mm long), sometimes acute. Inflorescence many-flowered, very broadly to depressed ovoid to subglobose, 3.5–7 by 4–8 cm, terminating the leafy shoot; bracts, appendages of bracts, bracteoles, calyx, ovary and capsule sparsely to rather densely covered with erect hairs <1 mm long to glabrous. Flowers 2 per bract; bracts green, coriaceous, broadly ovate, 1.5–2.5 by 1–2.5 cm, sometimes falling apart into separate fibers with age, callus absent; appendages mostly present, green, ascending, broadly ovate-triangular, 1–1.5 by 1–2 cm; bracte-ole boat-shaped, 15–20 mm long, callus 2–3 mm long; calyx 15–25 mm long, in fruit exceeding the bracts, lobes triangular, 2–7 mm long, callus absent; corolla yellow, 30–40 mm long, glabrous, tube c. 10 mm long, lobes narrowly elliptic, 20–30 mm long; labellum yellow, inner side with darker yellow nectar guide, horizontally flattened, broadly obovate when spread out, 40–45 by 35–40 mm; stamen yellow, c. 25 by 8 mm, apex darker yellow, anther 7–8 mm long. Capsule ellipsoid, 10–12 by 4–6 mm. Seeds 1.5–2 by 1–1.5 mm. Distribution — West Africa (Ghana, Ivory Coast, Liberia). Habitat & Ecology — In primary or secondary rainforest, often in wet places, on clay to sandy soil, at elevations of 0 – 600 m. Flowering and fruiting: all year through. IUCN Conservation Status — Least Concern. Selected specimens examined. GHANA, Ashanti Region, Distr. Sefwi Wiawso, Anhwiaso Forest Reserve, 1 Sept. 1984, Andoh FH 5241 (K); 10 miles S of Mampon(g), 8 Dec. 1953, Morton GC 9675 (K); Fumso, 24 Mar. 1950, Obeng-Darko 545 (K). Central Region, Wassa Atobiase,road to Rock Shrine, 70 m, 21 July 2010, Van Andel 5769 (GC, WAG). Western Region, Elubo, 22 km ESE towards Takoradi, 80 m, 14 July 1995, Harder 3435 (K, MO); Ankasa Game Reserve near entrance, 100 m, 28 Feb. 1995, Jongkind 2072 (MO, WAG); Ankasa River Forest Reserve, along dirt road to centre of reserve, 60 m, 30 July 2010, Van Andel 5865 (GC, L, U, WAG). – IVORY COAST, Banco Forest Reserve, 25 July 1975, W. J. van der Burg 673 (BR, FR, MO, UCJ, WAG); Vallée de l’Agneby à Guébo, 31 Jan.1907, Chevalier 17125 (P); pays de l’Attié, Alepe, 25 Feb. 1903, Chevalier 17454 (LY, P); Banco Forest Reserve, 11 Dec. 1972, De Koning 887 (BR, E, MO, WAG); km 25–30 on new road Abidjan-Ndouci, 21 Aug. 1979, De Kruif 305 (UCJ, WAG); Forêt de l’Angedédou, c. 15 km NW of Abidjan, 40 m, 3 Nov. 1958, Leeuwenberg 1874 (BR, F, K, UC, WAG); Forêt l’Anguédodou near Adiopodoumé, 25 Dec. 1957, H.C.D. de Wit 7850 (WAG). Aboisso, 2 km E of Maféré, near road to Afiénou, 50 m, 18 June 1975, Beentje 447 (AMD, UCJ, WAG); 12 km SE of Aboisso, 25 July 1968, Breteler 5297 (WAG). Adzopé, SOFALCO planta-tions, 2 km S of Adzopé, 100 m, 14 Dec. 1972, Leeuwenberg 10716 (WAG); Aouabo, 16 May 1969, Thijssen 21 (WAG). Agboville, Forêt de la Mambo, lisière Est de la forêt de Mambo, piste Albéric, 28 Jan. 1992, Chatelain 962 (CSRS, WAG); Gare des Makaugnié, Chemin de fer km 75, 22 Jan. 1907, Chevalier 16951 (P); Foret d’Yapo, 9 Oct. 1957, Farron s.n. (G). Danané, Danipleu region, 27 Mar. 1982, César 1716 (P); 20 km N of Danané, 18 Dec. 1967, Geerling 1862 (WAG). Guiglo, route de Tabou, near Siéblo Oula, 29 Dec. 1985, Aké Assi 17212 (G, MO); Forêt de Tai, near station, 21 Nov. 1982, C.C. Berg 1460 (U); Tienkoula, 4 Aug. 1962, Jangoux 255 (BR). Man, F.C. Scio, Pinhou, Lobykro, 2 Sept. 2001, Nusbaumer 693 (G). Sassandra, Along road from Dakpadou to Sago, N of Sassandra, 30 Mar. 1968, Geerling 2352 (WAG); on border of River Niegré, c. 64 km N of Sassandra near vil-lage Baléko, 16 June 1963, W.J.J.O. de Wilde 254 (WAG). Tabou, Tabou campment, 4 Sept. 1975, W. J. van der Burg 930 (WAG). – LIBERIA, Grand Gedeh, east slope of the Putu Hills East Range west of Tiama Town, 240 m, 25 May 2005, Jongkind 6379 (WAG); Putu Hills, East ridge, 628 m, 29 Sept. 2013, Jongkind 12192 (WAG). Maryland, Webo District, Nyaake, 24 June 1947, Baldwin 6126 a! (K). Montserrado, Firestone Plantation along Dukwai R., 170 m, 1 Nov. 1928, G.P. Cooper 14 (BM, F, GH, K, NY, P, US); New University Site, 30 km from Monrovia, 27 Sept. 1963, Harten 127 (WAG); Road Monrovia to Kakata, c. 13 miles from Monrovia,near Mount Barclay, 1 Feb. 1966, Van Meer 349 (WAG). Sino, road from Greenville to African Fruit Company, 27 July 1977, De Gier 13 (WAG); Sapo NP, buffer zone, around Safari Camp on short distance of Sinoe River, 115 m, 22 Nov.2002, Jongkind 5274 (BR, G, WAG); near Jalay’s Town, 29 Jan. 2016, Jongkind 12849 (BR). Note — Costus luteus A.Chev. has a doubtful status. The introduction of the work in which it was published (Chevalier 1920) states that new names in that work are only mentioned and will be described later, but it is clear that they are nevertheless accepted, so art. 36.1 of the ICBN (McNeill et al. 2012) does not apply. However, often the names of this work are also not considered as validly published because the descriptions it contains are not recognized as such. But Chevalier often copies his own field descriptions when citing the specimens, which we consider as validating descriptions. In the case of C. luteus the name, when considered validly published, is a later homonym of C. luteus Blanco (nowadays Roscoea lutea (Blanco) Hassk.), and cannot be used in any case. However, to circumvent any discussion about the validity of Chevalier’s publication, we describe this species here independently as new and refrain from only using the nom. nov. construction. Because the name C. luteus had already been used, we name this yellow-flowered species C. aureus.Published as part of Kamer 1, H. Maas-van de, Maas 1, P. J. M., Wieringa 1, J. J. & Specht, C. D., 2016, Monograph of African Costaceae, pp. 280-318 in Blumea 61 (3) on pages 293-294, DOI: 10.3767/000651916X694445, http://zenodo.org/record/757002
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