1,721,307 research outputs found
ILC3s: Rhythmic Keepers of Gut Integrity at Mealtime
No full textCyclically, during the day, increased permeability of the intestinal epithelial barrier, allowing nutrient uptake, must be compensated for, to achieve increased protection against potentially harmful components. Seillet et al. demonstrate that, upon food intake, enteric neuron-derived VIP promotes anticipatory mucosal immunity by inducing ILC3s to produce protective IL-22
Human NK cells: from HLA class I-specific killer Ig-like receptors to the therapy of acute leukemias
No full textOver the past 20 years, major progress has been made in our understanding of natural killer (NK) cells. It has become clear that NK cells are regulated by a number of receptors with opposite functions that finely tune potent effector functions such as cytolytic activity and release of cytokines that play a major role in inflammation and immunoregulation. This review traces the major advances in human NK cell biology from the original discovery of human leukocyte antigen class I-specific inhibitory receptors to recent groundbreaking clinical applications. These, in turn, led to major achievements and further expectations in the cure of high risk of otherwise fatal leukemias. It has become evident that there is a role of donor-derived 'alloreactive' NK cells in eradicating acute myeloid (and now also lymphoid) leukemias in the T-cell-depleted haploidentical hemopoietic stem cell transplantation setting. The key role played also in preventing graft rejection and graft versus host disease renders alloreactive NK cells an ideal tool for successful haploidentical hematopoietic stem cell transplantation
Alloreactive natural killer cells in targeting high-risk leukaemias.
No full textNatural killer (NK) cells express surface receptors that regulate potent effector functions, such as cytolytic activity and release of cytokines, which play a central role in inflammatory response and immunoregulation. In this paper, major advances are outlined from the original discovery of HLA-class I-specific inhibitory receptors in humans to recent, particularly successful, clinical applications in the cure of high-risk, otherwise fatal leukaemias. The central role of donor-derived "alloreactive" NK cells in eradicating leukaemic cells in the T-cell-depleted haploidentical haematopoietic stem cell transplantation setting became evident. Since alloreactive NK cells seem to play a key role also in preventing graft rejection and graft-vs-host disease, they may be an ideal tool to treat high-risk leukaemias in the haematopoietic stem cell transplantation setting
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Boosting natural killer cell-based immunotherapy with anticancer drugs. a perspective
No full textNatural killer (NK) cells efficiently recognize and kill tumor cells through several mechanisms including the expression of ligands for NK cell-activating receptors on target cells. Different clinical trials indicate that NK cell-based immunotherapy represents a promising antitumor treatment. However, tumors develop immune-evasion strategies, including downregulation of ligands for NK cell-activating receptors, that can negatively affect antitumor activity of NK cells, which either reside endogenously, or are adoptively transferred. Thus, restoration of the expression of NK cell-activating ligands on tumor cells represents a strategic therapeutic goal. As discussed here, various anticancer drugs can fulfill this task via different mechanisms. We envision that the combination of selected chemotherapeutic agents with NK cell adoptive transfer may represent a novel strategy for cancer immunotherapy. The well-established antitumor activity of NK cells is strictly dependent on the expression of ligands for NK cell-activating receptors on tumor cell surfaces. The molecular mechanisms underlying the upregulation of ligands for NK cell-activating receptors on tumor cells mainly depend on signaling pathways activated upon DNA damage induced by many different cytotoxic drugs. NK cell adoptive transfer in autologous or allogeneic settings represents a promising anticancer immunotherapeutic approach that has been tested in different clinical trials. The therapeutic efficacy of NK cell adoptive transfer may be dampened by downregulation of ligands for NK cell-activating receptors. A major immune-evasion mechanism adopted by most aggressive cancer cells. Many cytotoxic drugs utilized to treat cancer patients have been reported to upregulate the expression of ligands for NK cell-activating receptors in tumor cells, thus enhancing NK cell-mediated killing. Some of these drugs are excellent candidates for the design of new cancer immunotherapy protocols based on the combination of chemotherapy with allogeneic or autologous NK cell adoptive transfer
METHODS FOR TREATING CANCER
No full textThis invention relates to methods of treating or preventing cancers such solid tumors, as well as other disease relating to excessive or insufficient immune responses, arising from the discovery of natural ligands of NKp44 that mediate immunosuppression
Interleukin-2 mediated restoration of natural killer cell function in a patient with Griscelly syndrome.
No full textNatural killer alloeffector responses in haploidentical hemopoietic stem cell transplantation to treat high-risk leukemias
No full textNatural killer (NK) cells, a major cell type of the innate immunity, express surface receptors that regulate potent effector functions such as cytolytic activity and release of cytokines playing a central role in inflammatory response and immunoregulation. In this contribution, we briefly outline the major steps from the discovery of human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-class I-specific inhibitory receptors in humans to recent successful clinical applications in the cure of high-risk leukemias both in adults and in pediatric patients. A central role is played by 'alloreactive' NK cells originated from donor's CD 34(+) cells in eradicating leukemic cells in the setting of T-cell-depleted haploidentical hemopoietic stem cell transplantation. Because alloreactive NK cells play a central role also in preventing graft rejection and graft- vs-host disease, they may represent an ideal tool to treat patients affected by acute high-risk leukemias
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