15 research outputs found
Memahami dan Menanggulangi Persoalan Ketimpangan Agraria (1)
Get PDFAbstract: This article offers two contribution to literature on agrarian inequality in Indonesia, namely a conceptual approach for understanding this phenomenon and its implication on policy formulation. The first contribution includes a synthesis of some literature on various aspects of agrarian inequality. In addition, two types of agrarian inequality are distinguished according to its locus of existence, i.e. inequality of distribution which refers to unequal land tenure among different classes within smallholding agricultural sector, and inequality of allocation which refers to unequal allocation of land and other natural resources between small (family) farms and large (corporate) enterprises. The second contribution is formulation of a policy framework to resolve these two types of agrarian inequality. First of all, the politics of agrarian resources allocation should be based on the principle of positive discrimination which favors smallholders’ interests. Furthermore, to ensure this principle comes into reality, five schemes of tenure reform have to be fully integrated, namely: (re)distribution, registration, recognition, devolution and restitution. This article divided into two parts. Part 1 will focus on the first contribution (conceptual approach); meanwhile, the second contribution (policy formulation) will be further elaborated in Part 2.
Keywords: agrarian inequality, land reform, politics of agrarian resources allocation, Indonesia.
Intisari: Dua kontribusi diajukan artikel ini pada kepustakaan mengenai ketimpangan agraria di Indonesia, yaitu pendekatan konseptual untuk memahami gejala ketimpangan agraria ini dan implikasinya pada penyusunan kebijakan. Kontribusi pertama mencakup sintesis atas sejumlah literatur mengenai berbagai aspek ketimpangan agraria. Selain itu, dua jenis ketimpangan agraria juga dibedakan berdasarkan locus keberadaanya, yaitu ketimpangan distribusi yang berarti kesenjangan penguasaan tanah di antara berbagai kelas dalam sektor pertanian rakyat, dan ketimpangan alokasi yang berarti kesenjangan peruntukan tanah dan sumber daya alam lain antara usaha tani skala kecil (keluarga) dengan usaha skala besar (korporasi). Kontribusi yang kedua adalah formulasi suatu kerangka kebijakan untuk menanggulangi dua jenis ketimpangan agraria di atas. Pertama-tama, politik alokasi sumber-sumber agraria harus didasarkan pada prinsip diskriminasi positif yang memihak kepentingan produsen kecil. Lalu, agar prinsip ini bisa terwujud di dunia nyata, lima skema pembaruan tenurial berikut ini mesti diintegrasikan secara menyeluruh, yaitu: (re)distribusi, registrasi, rekognisi, devolusi dan restitusi. Artikel ini terbagi menjadi dua bagian. Bagian 1 akan membahas kontribusi yang pertama (pendekatan konseptual), sementara kontribusi yang kedua (formulasi kebijakan) akan dielaborasi lebih lanjut pada Bagian 2.
Kata Kunci: ketimpangan agraria, land reform, politik alokasi sumber-sumber agraria, Indonesia
Artikulasi Kearifan Tradisional dalam Pengelolaan Sumberdaya Alam Sebagai Proses Reproduksi Budaya: Studi Komunitas Toro di Pinggiran Kawasan Taman Nasional Lore Lindu, Sulawesi Tengah
No full textPola-pola penguasaan tanah di DAS Cimanuk: beberapa catatan sementara (Patterns of land tenure in the Cimanuk River Basin)
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Sweet and bitter: trajectories of sugar cane investments in Northern Luzon, the Philippines, and Aceh, Indonesia, 2006-13
Get PDFThis chapter aims to understand the complex process of investment and land deal making through the in-depth study of three cases of sugar cane investment in the Philippines and Indonesia. It focuses on three different trajectories of sugar cane schemes—one in northern Luzon, the Philippines, and two in Aceh, Indonesia. By means of a processual approach, the chapter identifies critical junctures—defined as crucial moments of dealmaking and interactions in which relations among actors are renegotiated—at which the investments took decisive turns. These are the collaboration of investors and bureaucratic cooperation between different levels of government; control of the development agenda; land deal making and control over land; control of labour; and curbing resistance. The chapter thus shows that investments in sugar cane and bioethanol—which often involve land deals—usually turn out differently than originally envisaged. Implementation problems arise due to the competing strategies and interests of investors, government departments, workers, landowners, and brokers, and due to specific historical and institutional constellations. Therefore, it can be argued that the implementation of investment schemes cannot simply be understood as the implementation of a contract or an already-planned programme; itshould rather be understood as a constant process of negotiation and adaptation. In such a context, the identification of critical junctures is crucial for the conduct of monitoring activities and the adoption of adaptive policies during land deal processes
Tailoring the electrochemical and morphological properties of electropolymerized and Dropcast rGO:PSS-PEDOT:PSS transducers for ion-selective sensors
Get PDFFabrication of ion-selective sensors for continuous measurement in fluids depends on understanding the electrochemical and morphological properties of transducers. Electropolymerized nanomaterials essentially offer stable transducers that can reduce measurement drifts. This study aims to elucidate the electrochemical and morphological characteristics of electropolymerized reduced graphene oxide stabilized in polystyrenesulfonate and poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene): polystyrenesulfonate composites on screen-printed carbon electrodes (rGO:PSS-PEDOT:PSS/SPCEs) using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and cyclic voltammetry (CV) in 0.1 M ferricyanide (Fe(CN)64/3-). We fabricated the rGO:PSS-PEDOT:PSS/SPCEs by two different techniques: electropolymerization deposition (EPD) and drop-casting (DC). Results revealed smaller peak-to-peak potential separation (ΔEp) of 360 mV for EPD rGO:PSS-PEDOT:PSS/SPCEs, compared to 510 mV for the DC rGO:PSS-PEDOT:PSS/SPCEs. A smaller ΔEp indicates higher reversibility and faster electron-transfer rate at the electrode-analyte interface. SEM results showed EPD rGO:PSS-PEDOT:PSS/SPCEs have the roughest surface among electrodes; homogeneous globular structures with diameter range of 1.4–5.3 μm covered the electrode surface. In terms of electrode integrity in fluids, cracks can be seen on the surface of DC PEDOT:PSS/SPCEs after undergoing CV in 0.1 M Fe(CN)64/3-, whereas rGO:PSS-PEDOT:PSS/SPCEs for both deposition methods maintained their integrity. Globular structures of rGO:PSS-PEDOT:PSS using EPD methods remained after undergoing CV. The results suggest that EPD serves as a potential method to fabricate a stable transducer for ion-selective sensing. This study aims to elucidate performance of nanocomposites via EPD methods, to develop stable ion-selective sensors for physiological and environmental applications
Pengantar Redaksi
Get PDFJurnal Bhumi (JB) Volume 5 Nomor 1 Mei 2019 mengangkat beberapa isu aktual persoalan agraria dan kebijakan dengan memberikan beberapa perspektif yang cukup luas dan menarik. Ada 10 artikel yang hadir dengan berbagai isu yang berbeda namun dibungkus dalam satu isu besar yakni kebijakan agraria Indonesia dalam semangat menemukan solusi atas berbagai hal yang terjadi di masyarakat. Beberapa artikel hadir sangat akseleratif atas berbagai persoalan di lapangan, dan solutif di dalam melihat persoalan agraria sebagai sebuah persoalan dan agenda bangsa. Kesepuluh artikel tersebut adalah: (1) Mohamad Shohibuddin, yang mengangkat persoalan ‘Menanggulangi Ketimpangan Agraria’; (2) Agus Suntoro, yang mengangkat persoalan ‘Ganti kerugian di dalam pengadaan tanah dalam perspektif HAM; (3) Agung Wibowo, menghadirkan isu ‘Pencadangan Hutan Adat di Indonesia’; (4) Dwi Wulan Pujiriyani dkk, menghadirkan persoalan ‘Ketersediaan Lahan pada Komunitas Petani’; (5) Grace Leksana, menghadirkan kajian ‘Ketimpangan dan Kontinuitas Patronase dalam Sejarah Perubahan Agraria’; (6) Sartika Intaning Pradhani mengulas ‘Diskursus Teori dan Peran perempuan dalam pusaran konflik agraria’; (7) Asri Widayati dan Suparjan, mengangkat ‘Perjuangan Nahdlatul Ulama dalam Mewujudkan Kedaulatan Sumber Daya Agraria’; (8) Amir Mahmud, menghadirkan ‘Pemikiran Sajogyo tentang Kemiskinan dalam Perspektif Agraria Kritis’; (9) Westi Utama dkk, menghadirkan artikel yang cukup menarik tentang ‘Analisis Spasial untuk Lokasi Relokasi Masyarakat Terdampak Bencana’;, dan terakhir (10) Anggiat Perdamean Parsaulian dan Sudjito menutup edisi ini dengan menghadirkan ‘Problem Tumpang Tindih Sertipikat Hak Milik atas Tanah’
Pola-pola penguasaan tanah di DAS Cimanuk: beberapa catatan sementara (Patterns of land tenure in the Cimanuk River Basin)
No full textSmallholder bargaining power in large-scale land deals: a relational perspective
No full textWhat capacity do smallholders have to influence key decisions in large-scale land deals to their own advantage, in particular in their own localities? Though the cards are stacked against them, micro processes on the ground show great variations. We put the magnifying glass on local power dynamics to explore both opportunities and constraints to the bargaining power of smallholders as they resist land deals or struggle for (better terms of) inclusion. We propose a relational perspective, in the sense that we focus on the social relations through which smallholders may ‘produce’ power, access power resources and profit from leverage vis-à-vis investors – constrained by wider power configurations. Drawing on our research in Indonesia and the Philippines augmented with other case studies on Southeast Asia, we highlight (1) relations of interdependency with investors; (2) ‘horizontal’ relations of shared interests and identity; (3) tactical relations with state officials; (4) relations with specialists in violence; and (5) relations with supra-local civil society groups. Explorative in nature, this contribution suggests an analytical lens to study sources of smallholder bargaining power and vulnerability in large-scale land deals
