2,686 research outputs found
Functional characterization of SAUR genes in plant growth and development
No full textSAUR (small auxin up RNA) family of genes is one of the three early auxin responsive genes, expression of which is induced within minutes of auxin application. SAUR genes have been identified from several different model plants as well as economically important agricultural crops. The Arabidopsis genome contains more than 72 SAUR genes, spread across the five chromosomes and grouped into three clades. These genes code for relatively smaller proteins with a high degree of sequence similarity. Among more than 72 genes, functions of only a few of the genes have been identified. In the present study, four different SAUR genes from clade III were selected to examine their role in plant growth and development. Intracellular localization studies with GFP tagged proteins indicated that all the four SAUR proteins localized to the nucleus, cytoplasm, and the plasma membrane. Results indicate that these SAUR proteins positively regulate cell elongation probably by activating plasma membrane (PM) localized H+-ATPases. These SAUR genes were also found to be negative regulators of polar auxin transport and ethylene responses. Moreover, overexpression lines and loss-of-function mutants of SAURs display altered response to abiotic stress induced by salinity, abscisic acid and osmotic stress. Taken together, data presented here indicate that all four SAUR genes play an essential role in plant growth and development, as well as in plant responses to environmental stresses.Biolog
Radio access protocols with multi-user detection for URLLC in 5G
No full textIn this paper we present collision-free and contention-based radio access protocols for sporadic small data packet transmissions in the 5G uplink. We compare them by computer simulations with respect to throughput, latency, and final negative acknowledgement (NACK) probability. Based on the performance evaluation results, we analyze the tradeoff between the number of transmission attempts of a packet and advanced collision resolution methods. Moreover, we investigate the impact of multi-user detection on the protocol performance. The key outcome of our study is that contention-based radio access protocols combined with multi-user detection are well suited for ultra-reliable low-latency communications (URLLC), providing error rates down to 10-5 in a low traffic load scenario
Das Bürgertum - Phönix aus der Asche
No full textWehler H-U. Das Bürgertum - Phönix aus der Asche. In: Hettling M, ed. Figuren und Strukturen. Historische Essays für Hartmut Zwahr zum 65. Geburtstag. München: Saur; 2002: 17-24
Probleme der Planung und des Aufbaus von Informations- und Dokumentationssystemen im Bildungsbereich
No full textMayer RAM. Probleme der Planung und des Aufbaus von Informations- und Dokumentationssystemen im Bildungsbereich. München: Saur; 1982
Studi Etnobotani Tumbuhan yang Digunakan dalam Upacara Kematian Saur Matua
No full textThis study aims to determine the types, parts and essential values of the plants used in the Saur Matua death ceremony. The method used is quantitative-qualitative. The results showed that there were six plant species from 4 families, namely Poaceae, Moraceae, Liliaceae and Laxmanniaceae. The dominant plant parts used are leaves and stems. The highest plant importance values were rice (ICS = 50), ompu-ompu (ICS = 12) and banyan trees (ICS = 2). In conclusion, the types of plants used in the Saur Matua death ceremony are banyan trees, Ompu-ompu, rice, ground fan orchids, sanggar or pimping and Silinjung with leaves and stems as the dominant plant parts used and rice is a type that has essential value tallest plant.
Keywords: Index of Cultural Significance, Liliaceae, Nibung Hangus, Poaceae, Saur Matu
Architectura Civilis: Das ist: Eigentliche Beschreibung wie ma[n] nach bester form/ und gerechter Regul/ Fürs Erste: Palläst/ mit dero Lust: und Thiergarten/ darbey auch Grotten: So dann Gemeine Bewohnungen: Zum Andern/ Kirchen/ Capellen/ Altär/ Gotshäuser: Drittens/ Spitäler/ Lazareten und Gotsäcker aufführen unnd erbawen soll / Alles auß vielfaltiger Erfahrnuß zusammen getragen/ beschrieben/ und mit. 40. Kupfferstucken für Augen gestellt/ Durch Josephum Furttenbach
No full textSchlüsselseiten aus dem Exemplar der HAB Wolfenbüttel: 113.1 Quod. 2° (2)Vorlageform des Erscheinungsvermerks: Getruckt in deß Heil. Römischen Reichs Statt Ulm/ Durch Jonam Saurn/ Bestellten Buchtruckern. ANNO M. DC. XXVIII.Kupfert., Tbl. r&s, 40 Ill. (Kupferst.), graph. Darst. (Holzschn.
Uning-uningan Dalam Horja Tindang Saur Matua Di Bius Si Onom Ompu Bakara Kabupaten Humbang Hasundutan
No full textHorja Tindang Saur Matua adalah sebuah upacara adat kematian dengan
tahap paling tinggi dalam masyar akat Batak Toba di lingkup Bius Si Onom Ompu
Bakara yang menghadirkan Uning Uningan dalam iringan upacara. Upacara ini
secara khusus diatur dan dijalankan oleh Bius Si Onom Ompu . Bius Si Onom
Ompu adalah kumpulan 6 Marga yang didirikan oleh Raja Sisingaman garaja,
dimana ke enam Marga ini yakni; Bakara, Sinambela, Sihite, Simanullang,
Marbun dan Simamora. Dari beberapa aspek kebudayaan serta adat istiadat yang
dijalankan oleh Bius Si Onom Ompu , Penulis menyorot Musik yang disebut
Uning U ningan yang digunakan pada upacara adat Horja Tindang Saur Matua .
Penulis merumuskan masalah menjadi dua, yakni; 1. Bagaimana bentuk
lagu Uning uningan dalam Horja Tindang Saur Matua di Bius Si Onom Ompu
Bakara kabupaten Humbang Hasundutan dan 2. Bagaimana fungsi Uning uninga n
dalam Horja Tindang Saur Matua di Bius Si Onom Ompu Bakara Kabupaten
Humbang Hasundutan?. Penulis menggunakan teori dari Carl Edmund Prier
dalam bukunya yang berjudul Ilmu Bentuk Analisa Musik untuk membedah
rumusan masalah yang pertama, serta menggunaka n teori Interaksionisme
Simbolik dari Herbert Blumer. Dalam membedah objek kajian ini, penulis
menggunakan penelitian kualitatif dengan cara observasi, pengumpulan data dan
kemudian mendeskripsikannya melalui pendekatan Etnomusikologi. Melalui
bidang kajia n Etnomusikologi ini, penulis mendeskripsikan fungsi Uning
Uningan dalam masyarakat Bius Si Onom Ompu Bakara sebagai media hiburan,
dan menganalisa bentuk lagu Uning U ningan oleh salah satu grup musik di
Bakara pada sebuah upacara adat Horja Tindang Saur M atua
The SAUR gene family: the plant’s toolbox for adaptation of growth and development
No full textThe family of small auxin up-regulated RNA (SAUR) genes is a family of auxin-responsive genes with ~60–140 members in most higher plant species. Despite the early discovery of their auxin responsiveness, their function and modeof action remained unknown for a long time. In recent years, the importance of SAUR genes in the regulation of dynamic and adaptive growth, and the molecular mechanisms by which SAUR proteins act are increasingly well understood. SAURs play a central role in auxin-induced acid growth, but can also act independently of auxin, tissue specifically regulated by various other hormone pathways and transcription factors. In this review, we summarize recent advances in the characterization of the SAUR genes in Arabidopsis and other plant species. We particularly elaborate on their capacity to fine-tune growth in response to internal and external signals, and discuss the breakthroughs in understanding the mode of action of SAURs in relation to their complex regulation
SAUR proteins and PP2C.D phosphatases regulate H+-ATPases and K+ channels to control stomatal movements
No full textActivation of plasma membrane (PM) H+-ATPase activity is crucial in guard cells to promote light-stimulated stomatal opening, and in growing organs to promote cell expansion. In growing organs, SMALL AUXIN UP RNA (SAUR) proteins inhibit the PP2C.D2, PP2C.D5, and PP2C.D6 (PP2C.D2/5/6) phosphatases, thereby preventing dephosphorylation of the penultimate phosphothreonine of PM H+-ATPases and trapping them in the activated state to promote cell expansion. To elucidate whether SAUR–PP2C.D regulatory modules also affect reversible cell expansion, we examined stomatal apertures and conductances of Arabidopsis thaliana plants with altered SAUR or PP2C.D activity. Here, we report that the pp2c.d2/5/6 triple knockout mutant plants and plant lines overexpressing SAUR fusion proteins exhibit enhanced stomatal apertures and conductances. Reciprocally, saur56 saur60 double mutants, lacking two SAUR genes normally expressed in guard cells, displayed reduced apertures and conductances, as did plants overexpressing PP2C.D5. Although altered PM H+-ATPase activity contributes to these stomatal phenotypes, voltage clamp analysis showed significant changes also in K+ channel gating in lines with altered SAUR and PP2C.D function. Together, our findings demonstrate that SAUR and PP2C.D proteins act antagonistically to facilitate stomatal movements through a concerted targeting of both ATP-dependent H+ pumping and channel-mediated K+ transport
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