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Groundwater and Terrestrial Water Storage [in "State of the Climate in 2010"]
No full textMost people think of groundwater as a resource,
but it is also a useful indicator of climate variability
and human impacts on the environment. Groundwater
storage varies slowly relative to other non-frozen
components of the water cycle, encapsulating long
period variations and trends in surface meteorology.
On seasonal to interannual timescales, groundwater
is as dynamic as soil moisture (Rodell and Famiglietti
2001; Alley et al. 2002), and it has been shown that
groundwater storage changes have contributed to sealevel
variations (Milly et al. 2003; Wada et al. 2010)
Terrestrial Water Storage
No full textDuring 2014 dryness continued in the Northern Hemisphere and relative wetness continued in the Southern Hemisphere (Fig. 2.21; Plate 2.1g). These largely canceled out such that the global land surface began and ended the year with a terrestrial water storage (TWS) anomaly slightly below 0 cm (equivalent height of water; Fig. 2.22). TWS is the sum of groundwater, soil moisture, surface water, snow, and ice. Groundwater responds more slowly to meteorological phenomena than the other components because the overlying soil acts as a low pass filter, but often it has a larger range of variability on multiannual timescales (Rodell and Famiglietti 2001; Alley et al. 2002).In situ groundwater data are only archived and made and Tanzania. The rest of the continent experienced mixed to dry conditions. Significant reductions in TWS in Greenland, Antarctica, and southern coastal Alaska reflect ongoing ice sheet and glacier ablation, not groundwater depletion
Impact of water withdrawals from groundwater and surface water on continental water storage variations
No full textHumans have strongly impacted the global water cycle, not only water flows but also water storage. We have performed a first global-scale analysis of the impact of water withdrawals on water storage variations, using the global water resources and use model WaterGAP. This required estimation of fractions of total water withdrawals from groundwater, considering five water use sectors. According to our assessment, the source of 35% of the water withdrawn worldwide (4300 km3/year during 1998–2002) is groundwater. Groundwater contributes 42%, 36% and 27% of water used for irrigation, households and manufacturing, respectively, while we assume that only surface water is used for livestock and for cooling of thermal power plants. Consumptive water use was 1400 km3/year during 1998–2002. It is the sum of the net abstraction of 250 km3/year of groundwater (taking into account evapotranspiration and return flows of withdrawn surface water and groundwater) and the net abstraction of 1150 km3/year of surface water. Computed net abstractions indicate, for the first time at the global scale, where and when human water withdrawals decrease or increase groundwater or surface water storage. In regions with extensive surface water irrigation, such as Southern China, net abstractions from groundwater are negative, i.e. groundwater is recharged by irrigation. The opposite is true for areas dominated by groundwater irrigation, such as in the High Plains aquifer of the central USA, where net abstraction of surface water is negative because return flow of withdrawn groundwater recharges the surface water compartments. In intensively irrigated areas, the amplitude of seasonal total water storage variations is generally increased due to human water use; however, in some areas, it is decreased. For the High Plains aquifer and the whole Mississippi basin, modeled groundwater and total water storage variations were compared with estimates of groundwater storage variations based on groundwater table observations, and with estimates of total water storage variations from the GRACE satellites mission. Due to the difficulty in estimating area-averaged seasonal groundwater storage variations from point observations of groundwater levels, it is uncertain whether WaterGAP underestimates actual variations or not. We conclude that WaterGAP possibly overestimates water withdrawals in the High Plains aquifer where impact of human water use on water storage is readily discernible based on WaterGAP calculations and groundwater observations. No final conclusion can be drawn regarding the possibility of monitoring water withdrawals in the High Plains aquifer using GRACE. For the less intensively irrigated Mississippi basin, observed and modeled seasonal groundwater storage reveals a discernible impact of water withdrawals in the basin, but this is not the case for total water storage such that water withdrawals at the scale of the whole Mississippi basin cannot be monitored by GRACE
Global intercomparison of 12 land surface heat flux estimates
No full textA global intercomparison of 12 monthly mean land surface heat flux products for the period 1993-1995 is presented. The intercomparison includes some of the first emerging global satellite-based products (developed at Paris Observatory, Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, University of California Berkeley, University of Maryland, and Princeton University) and examples of fluxes produced by reanalyses (ERA-Interim, MERRA, NCEP-DOE) and off-line land surface models (GSWP-2, GLDAS CLM/Mosaic/Noah). An intercomparison of the global latent heat flux (Qle) annual means shows a spread of ∼20 W m -2 (all-product global average of ∼45 W m-2). A similar spread is observed for the sensible (Qh) and net radiative (Rn) fluxes. In general, the products correlate well with each other, helped by the large seasonal variability and common forcing data for some of the products. Expected spatial distributions related to the major climatic regimes and geographical features are reproduced by all products. Nevertheless, large Qle and Qh absolute differences are also observed. The fluxes were spatially averaged for 10 vegetation classes. The larger Q le differences were observed for the rain forest but, when normalized by mean fluxes, the differences were comparable to other classes. In general, the correlations between Qle and Rn were higher for the satellite-based products compared with the reanalyses and off-line models. The fluxes were also averaged for 10 selected basins. The seasonality was generally well captured by all products, but large differences in the flux partitioning were observed for some products and basins.</p
Scout2B1
No full textThis data and code are available to reproduce the results of the paper Abbasi‐Rad, Shahrokh, Kieran O’Brien, Samuel Kelly, Viktor Vegh, Anders Rodell, Yasvir Tesiram, Jin Jin, Markus Barth, and Steffen Bollmann. ‘Improving FLAIR SAR Efficiency at 7T by Adaptive Tailoring of Adiabatic Pulse Power through Deep Learning Estimation’. Magnetic Resonance in Medicine n/a, no. n/a (2020). https://doi.org/10.1002/mrm.28590.
(preprint: Abbasi-Rad, S., O’Brien, K., Kelly, S., Vegh, V., Rodell, A., Tesiram, Y., Jin, J., Barth, M., Bollmann, S., 2019. Improving FLAIR SAR efficiency at 7T by adaptive tailoring of adiabatic pulse power using deep convolutional neural networks. arXiv:1911.08118 [physics].
Scout2B1
No full textThis data and code are available to reproduce the results of the paper Abbasi‐Rad, Shahrokh, Kieran O’Brien, Samuel Kelly, Viktor Vegh, Anders Rodell, Yasvir Tesiram, Jin Jin, Markus Barth, and Steffen Bollmann. ‘Improving FLAIR SAR Efficiency at 7T by Adaptive Tailoring of Adiabatic Pulse Power through Deep Learning Estimation’. Magnetic Resonance in Medicine n/a, no. n/a (2020). https://doi.org/10.1002/mrm.28590.
(preprint: Abbasi-Rad, S., O’Brien, K., Kelly, S., Vegh, V., Rodell, A., Tesiram, Y., Jin, J., Barth, M., Bollmann, S., 2019. Improving FLAIR SAR efficiency at 7T by adaptive tailoring of adiabatic pulse power using deep convolutional neural networks. arXiv:1911.08118 [physics].
Heart and home : a series of articles illustrative of the domestic and civic virtues as they present themselves in the scenes of every-day life...
No full textCover title: Prose and verse.Mode of access: Internet.With autograph of the author
Using music to influence creative and critical thinking
No full textHilton was project manager and lead author of the research investigating the influences of listening to a range of music at varying volumes, upon creative and critical thinking. The study promotes the questioning of things often taken for granted; for example, that music in the design environment would aid creativity because it had been shown to aid production in factories. The authors conducted a number of tests to investigate the impact of music in a design environment, (each in their own countries, triangulating and validating the methodology), and found that because ‘design’ and ‘production’ are such different cognitive tasks, music is more likely to be a negative distraction to creative and critical thinking, or at least make no positive contribution. By increasing awareness about the effects of listening to music while working, the project impacted upon the working environments of a number of academic and commercial practitioners, including those involved n the project and those who attended the DRS conference. This study is unique in the fact that, other researchers investigating the influences of music, e.g. J. A. Sloboda, have focused only on the connections between music and emotion. No other research has studied the effect of music upon creative and critical thinking. The influence of factors on creative and critical thinking has been core to Hilton’s broader body of work: (2001) The Value of Humour in Concept Generation. 4th EAD Conference Averio, Portugal (2002) Towards a Designer Working Culture that Encourages Sleep and Dreaming. International Design Conference, Design-2002, Dubrovnik. Hilton has used conferences such as DRS, EAD, ICSID, TMCE as opportunities for developing research collaborations Attendees at ICSID 2003 in Hannover were the source of the collaborators for the DRS paper, including the University Technology Sydney and FIDU Hellfors, Sweden
Organizational field interventions in well-being: challenges and impact
No full textEmployee well-being is essential not only for individual health and satisfaction but also for organizational effectiveness and sustainability. Employees with higher levels of well-being are more engaged, productive, and committed, while those with poor well-being often experience burnout, reduced performance, and increased absenteeism, negatively affecting organizational outcomes (Schabram & Heng, 2022; Spreitzer et al., 2005). Managerial strategies play a pivotal role in shaping the workplace environment and improving well-being (Grant et al., 2007; Guest, 2017). This symposium features four field experiments conducted in real-world settings—such as warehouses, veterinary clinics, banks, and private companies across several countries—offer valuable insights into how managerial interventions can address workplace challenges. By testing strategies like participatory voice mechanisms, corporate social responsibility program, work-life balance support, and four-day work week, these studies provide robust, causal evidence of what works and why. Specifically, Kowalski et al. demonstrate the value of worker voice in reducing turnover in e-commerce fulfillment centers. Portocarrero and Rodell highlight the role of corporate social responsibility (CSR) interventions in enhancing employee engagement, showing that workplace empathy, cultivated through CSR activities, motivates employees to volunteer more. Bond, Yang, and Sah investigate whether combining organizational culture interventions with personalized well-being and job crafting strategies for managers more effectively reduces burnout among veterinary staff compared to organizational culture interventions alone. Lastly, Fan et al. assess the transformative impact of a four-day workweek on employee well-being, linking reduced hours to enhanced mental and physical health through better work-life balance and reduced fatigue. Together, these studies underscore the importance of innovative, evidence-based interventions in fostering healthier, more sustainable workplaces. Can Involving Employees Reduce Turnover? A Field Experiment on Employee Voice and Exit Author: Alex Kowalski; Cornell University Author: Erin Kelly; Massachusetts Institute of Technology Author: Hazhir Rahmandad; Massachusetts Institute of Technology Author: Kirsten Siebach; Johns Hopkins University The Effects of Employee Exposure to Community Impact Activities on Emotions and Engagement Author: Florencio F. Portocarrero; London School of Economics and Political Science Author: Jessica Beth Rodell; University of Georgia Organizational Interventions to Alleviate Burnout and Promote Well-Being Author: Brittany Bond; Cornell University Author: Duanyi Yang; Cornell University Author: Sunita Sah; Cornell University Does Work Time Reduction Improve Worker Well-being? Evidence from Global Four-Day Workweek Trial Author: Wen Fan; Boston College Author: Juliet Schor; Boston College Author: Orla Kelly; University College Dublin Author: Guolin Gu; Boston Colleg
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