278 research outputs found
Prevenção ao uso de drogas
No full textDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde Coletiva, Florianópolis, 2013.O presente estudo analisou as experiências de prevenção ao uso de drogas cadastradas no Banco de Experiências Práticas (BEP), recurso educacional aplicado aos alunos da 4ª edição do Curso ?Prevenção ao uso indevido de drogas- Capacitação para Conselheiros e Lideranças Comunitárias?, o qual foi promovido pela Secretaria Nacional de Políticas sobre Drogas (SENAD) do Ministério da Justiça (MJ) e realizado em 2011, na modalidade de ensino à distância, pela Secretaria de Educação à Distância (SEaD) da Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC). A pesquisa é de natureza descritivo-exploratória com abordagem quantiqualitativa e os resultados são discutidos no formato de dois artigos científicos. O primeiro, intitulado ?Prevenção ao uso de drogas: práticas desenvolvidas por conselheiros e líderes comunitários?, apresenta uma análise geral das 543 práticas cadastradas no BEP que foram classificadas inicialmente conforme os diferentes enfoques discutidos no curso, tais como: ações de tratamento, pesquisas, experiências já concluídas e preventivas que estivessem em andamento. Esta análise revela que a maioria das práticas já estava sendo desenvolvida há mais de um ano, grande parte na Região Sudeste, mais especificamente no Estado de São Paulo, sendo que a Bahia também se destaca pela quantidade de experiências em andamento. Geralmente participam destas menos de 50 pessoas e a atividade mais desenvolvida e conhecida por todos é a palestra. Os objetivos, na sua maioria, visam à prevenção do uso de drogas e os resultados das práticas são avaliados pelos seus autores como satisfatórios, evidenciando características positivas das ações. O segundo artigo, denominado ?Prevenção ao Uso de Drogas: uma análise de experiências práticas de conselheiros e líderes comunitários no Brasil?, analisa as abordagens evidenciadas nas práticas preventivas em andamento de acordo com a literatura pesquisada pertinente ao tema. Os temas ressaltados em maior quantidade abordam questões de: amedrontamento, oferecimento de alternativas, educação afetiva, estilo de vida saudável, princípio moral e aprendizagem social. Em menor número o conhecimento científico, redução da oferta, aumento do controle social e pressão positiva de grupo. 26 experiências apresentam dois modelos de abordagens, além de ações de prevenção do programa Amor-Exigente (AE) e do Programa Educacional de Resistência às Drogas, o PROERD. A maioria das ações evidencia uma perspectiva ampliada e positiva com relação à prevenção, ou de redução de danos (RD), avaliada, conforme literatura pesquisada, como mais adequada, sem fazer uso, necessariamente, dos elementos caracterizados como proibicionistas. As propostas de RD trabalham na perspectiva da redução de riscos e danos relacionados a qualquer tipo de consumo que seja potencialmente prejudicial. A postura considerada tradicional ou de guerra às drogas é focada no apelo moral e amedrontamento, com a exacerbação das advertências sobre os malefícios do consumo de drogas. O BEP incentivou os alunos a compartilharem suas ações, aplicadas das mais diversas formas, permitindo-nos uma visualização nacional dessas práticas preventivas que vêm sendo realizadas nos diferentes contextos sociais. Consideramos com este estudo a importância de uma maior socialização das experiências do BEP para a ampliação da rede de prevenção às drogas no país.Abstract : The present study analysed the experiences of prevention of drug use registered in the Bank of Practical Experiences (Banco de Experiências Práticas aka BEP), an educational resource applied to students at the 4th Course ?Prevention of drug use ? Capacity Development for Council Members and Community Leaderships?. Promoted by the National Secretary for Drug Policies (SENAD) of the Ministry of Justice (MJ), the course was delivered in 2011 on distance learning by the Secretary of Distance Learning (SeaD) of the Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC). This research has a descriptive-exploratory nature with quantiqualitative approach and the results are discussed in the form of two scientific articles. The first has the title ?Prevention to drug use: practices developed by council members and community leaderships? and presents a general analysis of 543 practices registered on BEP and classified according to different preventive approaches, such as treatment actions, researches, finished experiences and ongoing preventive ones. While discussing those prevention experiences according to the characteristics registered on BEP, we found out that most of the actions were being developed for more than a year, mostly on Brazil's Southeast Region, more specifically São Paulo State. Bahia State is also prominent in the amount of ongoing experience. Usually the practices involve less than 50 people and the most developed and known activity is the lecture. The aim is to prevent drug use and the results are evaluated by their authors as satisfactory, which makes evident the positive characteristics of the actions. The second article, with title ?Preventing Drug Use: an analysis of practical experiences of counselors and community leaders in Brazil?, analyses the approaches detected on the ongoing preventive practices, according to the theoretic references that can be found in literature. The following focuses revealed themselves as more present in quantity: intimidation, offering of alternatives, affective education, healthy life style, moral principle and social learning. In a lesser number we found the approaches of scientific knowledge, reduction of offer, increase on social control and positive group pressure. Twenty six experiments present two models of approaches and preventive actions of the program Demanding Love and the Educational Program of Drug Resistance. Most of the actions highlights a broader, positive perspective regarding prevention or harm reduction evaluated according to researched literature, as the most appropriate, without necessarily making use of the elements characterized as prohibitionists. The proposed harm reduction work with the perspective of risk reduction and damages related to any kind of consumption potentially harmful. Posture considered traditional or war on drugs is focused on moral appeal and intimidation with the exacerbation of warnings of the dangers of drug use. The BEP encouraged students to share their actions, applied in many different ways, allowing us to nationally display these preventive practices that have been held in different social contexts. The conclusion is that most actions show a positive and broadened perspective of prevention, or harm reduction, evaluated as more adequate, without making use of elements that are characterized as prohibitionists. We consider, with this study, the importance of a greater socialization of the experiences recorded by BEP to expand the network of drug prevention in the country
Redução de danos e seus princípios: uma revisão sistemática na saúde coletiva
No full textTese (doutorado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde Coletiva, Florianópolis, 2015A presente tese é um estudo qualitativo intitulado Redução de Danos e seus Princípios: uma Revisão Sistemática na Saúde Coletiva. Ela afirma que os princípios da Redução de Danos (RD) propostos por Marlatt (1999) são apresentados nas publicações nacionais e internacionais dos periódicos de Saúde Coletiva, e podem colaborar na análise desta proposta no contexto atual. Objetivamos i) identificar as características das publicações sobre a RD na abordagem às drogas nos periódicos nacionais e internacionais na área da Saúde Coletiva; ii) analisar como os princípios da RD, descritos na literatura por Marlatt (1999), se apresentam nas publicações nacionais e internacionais da área de Saúde Coletiva. A RD é uma abordagem à droga que propõe estratégias que enfrentem os desafios de seu uso de forma ampla e integral. Trata-se de uma estratégia internacional com ações diversificadas, transformando-se em uma possibilidade de produção de saúde diferente da lógica da abstinência. Marlatt (1999), um reconhecido pesquisador da dependência química, propõe princípios que fundamentam a RD, debatendo tópicos ligados ao complexo contexto das drogas e suas estratégias de cuidado. A metodologia adotada foi uma revisão sistemática das publicações da área da Saúde Coletiva sobre a RD direcionadas às drogas, em periódicos nacionais e internacionais disponíveis nas bases de dados: SciELO, Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde (BVS), LILACS, PUBMED e Web of Science. A busca ocorreu no período de maio a junho de 2014. Cumprindo o modelo do Programa de Saúde Coletiva da UFSC, foram construídos dois artigos, que configuram os resultados desta tese. O primeiro deles tem como título Revisão Sistemática sobre Redução de Danos: a produção científica em saúde coletiva. Como resultado dos 49 artigos analisados, tem-se que a maioria das publicações deu-se em periódicos internacionais, com publicações em 11 países. As publicações ocorreram em português e inglês, com predominância na língua inglesa. A maioria foi direcionada ao uso de droga injetável (DI), mas também foram encontradas discussões sobre o álcool, maconha, metadona, drogas (sem especificação) e tabaco. O segundo artigo é denominado Análise dos Princípios da Redução de Danos na Produção Científica da Saúde Coletiva. O método que norteou este artigo foi a metassíntese como estratégia de análise. Os oito artigos selecionados são, na sua maioria, provenientes de periódicos nacionais, sendo apenas um internacional; seis estudos são brasileiros, um canadense e outro estadunidense. O debate nacional sobre a RD foi principalmente direcionado ao álcool eàs drogas, enquanto que os dois artigos internacionais abordam o uso de DI, com aspectos relativos aos contextos dos países de origem, sendo que estes resultados podem contribuir com propostas nacionais. Por fim, nosso estudo chegou às seguintes conclusões: as publicações sobre a RD refletem o contexto social e político dos diferentes países, assim as diferenças de avanços e desafios da RD na sociedade caminham juntas à compreensão política, social, econômica, cultural e moral de cada grupo social, estando esse entendimento vinculado, na relação com a droga, tanto no âmbito privado quanto no coletivo. Houve avanços no debate da RD, mas também entraves diante da hegemonia das propostas proibicionistas que geram embates e desconfiança com as propostas da RD. A clareza dos seus princípios para orientar as práticas de RD fortalece e desmistifica a proposta. A discussão sobre as questões relacionadas à estratégia de RD fica pautada mais no idealismo moralista do que nos aspectos científicos, o que subsidiaria a importância da estratégia. A Saúde Coletiva, enquanto um espaço aberto para criar novos paradigmas, pode impulsionar propostas de RD, considerando que esse campo de intervenção interdisciplinar pode preencher a lacuna existente entre a ausência de cuidado e a abstinência.Abstract : This thesis is a qualitative study entitled Harm Reduction and its Principles: A Systematic Review of Public Health. It claims that the principles of Harm Reduction (HR) proposed by Marlatt (1999) are presented in national and international publications of Public Health journal, and can help the analysis of this proposal in the present context. We aim to i) identify the papers characteristics on the HR approach to drugs in national and international journals in Public Health field; ii) analyze how the HR principles, described in the literature by Marlatt (1999), are presented in national and international publications of Public Health. HR is an approach to drug proposing strategies that address the challenges of its use in a broad and comprehensive manner. This is an international strategy for diverse actions, becoming a possibility of producing different health withdrawal logic. Marlatt (1999), a recognized addiction researcher, proposes principles that underlie HR, discussing topics related to the complex environment of drugs and their care strategies. The methodology used was a systematic review of the Public Health area publications on HR directed to drugs, in national and international journals available in the SciELO, Virtual Health Library (VHL), LILACS, PUBMED, and Web of Science database. Our search took place from May to June 2014. Two articles were made, meeting UFSC model of the Public Health Program, which results are shown this thesis. The first is entitled Systematic Review of Harm Reduction: Scientific Production in Public Health. As a result of the 49 articles analyzed, most publications occurred in international journals, with publications in 11 countries. The publications were in Portuguese and English, predominantly in English. Most were directed to injecting drug use (ID), but were also found discussions on alcohol, marijuana, methadone, drugs (unspecified) and tobacco. The second article is named Analysis of the principles of harm reduction in the Scientific Production of Public Health. The method that guided this article was the meta-synthesis as strategy analysis. The eight selected articles are mostly from national journals, only one international; six studies are Brazilian, one Canadian and one American. The national debate on HR was mainly directed to alcohol and drugs, while two international articles address ID, with aspects related to the contexts of countries of origin, and those results may contribute to national proposals. Finally, our study reached the following conclusions: publications on HR reflect the social and political context of different countries and the differences in progress and challenges of HR in society go together with thepolitical, social, economic, cultural and moral understanding of each social group, which, in relation to the drug, this understanding is linked to both private and public environment. Progress was made in the discussion of HR, but there were also barriers in relation to the hegemony of prohibition proposals that generate conflicts and distrust with the proposals of HR. The clarity of its principles to guide HR practices strengthens and demystifies the proposal. The discussion on issues related to HR strategy is based more on moral idealism than on the scientific aspects, which would subsidize the importance of strategy. The Public Health, as an open space to create new paradigms, can boost HR proposals, considering this interdisciplinary field of intervention can fill the gap between lack of care and abstinence
Análise das informações sobre a droga crack: o que divulgam os meios de comunicação?
No full textDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde Coletiva, Florianópolis, 2015.A presente pesquisa teve como objetivos analisar informações sobre crack veiculadas em dois jornais de circulação nacional e realizar revisão sistemática da literatura científica sobre crack e mídia. Para tanto, este estudo apresenta-se dividido em duas etapas: a primeira está constituída por uma revisão sistemática sobre crack e mídia nas bases de dados Lilacs, Medline, Psycinfo, SciELO e Scopus. As buscas originaram um total de 306 artigos e, após aplicados os critérios de exclusão e inclusão, 13 artigos foram selecionados para análise. Os resultados dessa etapa estão descritos no primeiro artigo científico Crack e mídia: uma revisão sistemática da literatura científica. A realização da revisão sistemática reuniu dados importantes sobre a abordagem da mídia, com foco específico para o crack e identificou dois temas presentes nas publicações: Como o uso de crack é apresentado pela mídia e Percepção dos usuários sobre as informações divulgadas pela mídia. A partir deles foi possível identificar que há defasagem no aproveitamento dos meios de comunicação para ações em saúde, como prevenção e promoção. A utilização de abordagem superficial ao tratar do uso de crack, reforça estigmas e preconceitos sobre os usuários, bem como processos de exclusão social, afastando-os dos serviços e ações de saúde. A segunda etapa do estudo consistiu em uma pesquisa documental de notícias sobre crack nos jornais Folha de São Paulo e Carta Capital. Foram coletadas 347 notícias dentro do período de 1 ano e, selecionadas 109 a partir dos critérios de inclusão e exclusão. Dessa pesquisa resultou o segundo artigo científico A abordagem da mídia jornalística brasileira sobre o crack. Os resultados apontaram que as fontes mais utilizadas pelas reportagens foram políticos (39,45%), seguidos pelos profissionais jurídicos (20,18%) e depoimentos de usuários de crack (16,51%). Com relação às consequências sociais do uso do crack, as principais citadas foram tráfico (42,20%), confrontocom a polícia (15,60%) e roubos e/ou furtos (11,93%). A consequência física predominante nas matérias foi a dependência química (76,15%). Como intervenção ou alternativa para lidar com o consumo da droga, o tratamento foi apresentado em 62,39% das reportagens, seguido da repressão com 39,45%. Os dados mostraram uma abordagem alarmista no discurso midiático em relação ao crack, com poucas informações referentes a pesquisas científicas. Além disso, foram frequentemente utilizadas palavras e expressões que reforçam estigmas e preconceitos sobre o usuário.Abstract : This research aimed to analize information about crack cocaine published in two national newspapers and to perform a systematic review of the scientific literature about crack cocaine and media. In order to This research is divided in two stages: the first is a systematic review about crack cocaine and media on the databases Lilacs, Medline, Psycinfo, SciELO e Scopus. The searches originated a total of 306 articles and, after the application of inclusion and exclusion criteria, 13 were selected for analysis. The results of this stage are described in the first scientific article: Crack cocaine and media: a systematic review of scientific literature. The realization of this systematic review gathered important data about the media approach, with specific focus on crack cocaine, and identified two topics present in publications: How the crack cocaine use is shown by the media and the perception of the users about the information released by the media. Based on them it was possible to identify that there is a gap in the communication means usage for health actions, as prevention and promotion. The usage of superficial approaches when discussing the crack cocaine use reinforces stigmata and prejudice against the users, as well as social exclusion, diverging them from health services and actions. The second stage of the study is a documentary research on the news about crack cocaine in the newspapers Folha de São Paulo and Carta Capital. We collected 347 news in a period of an year and 109 were selected using inclusion and exclusion criteria. From this research resulted the second scientific article: The brazilian journalistic media approach about crack cocaine. The results showed that the most used sources by the articles were politicians (39.45%), followed by law professionals (20.18%) and crack cocaine user testimonials (16.51%). The main social consequences of the crack cocaine use mentioned were traffic (42.20%), clashes with police (15.60%) and thievery (11.93%). The predominant physical result in the articles was chemical dependency (76.15%). As intervention oralternative to deal with the drug use, the treatment was mentioned in 62.39% of the articles, followed by repression, mentioned in 39.45% of the articles.The data showed an alarmist approach in the media discourse related to crack cocaine, with little information regarding scientific research. In addition, words and expressions that reinforce stigmata and prejudice against the drug user were frequently used
Über die Autoren
No full textKurt BAYER, dzt. Board Director bei der Europäischen Bank für Wiederaufbau und Entwicklung in London, zuvor in leitender Position im Bundesministerium für Finanzen, im Verwaltungsrat der Europäischen Investitionsbank und der Weltbank; 25 Jahre im Österreichischen Institut für Wirtschaftsforschung; Studien in Graz (Dr. jur. 1966), Bologna (International Relations 1967), University of Maryland, USA (Volkswirtschaft, M. A. 1970, Ph. D. 1971); zahlreiche Publikationen. Herwig BÜCHELE, em. Prof. f..
Kombinierte Behandlung von Patienten mit bereits vorbehandelten und rezidivierten Plattenepithel-Karzinomen im Kopf-Hals-Bereich mit Paclitaxel zweimal pro Woche und simultaner Bestrahlung - Ergebniss einer Phase I Studie
No full textRationale: Basierend auf präklinischen und ersten klinischen Daten, die einen potentiell synergistischen Anti- Tumoreffekt für die Kombination Paclitaxel plus Strahlentherapie bei Kopf-Hals-Karzinomen gezeigt haben, entwickelten wir ein ambulant durchführbares Behandlungsschema für vorbehandelte Patienten (Bestrahlung plus/minus Chemotherapie) mit rezidivierten oder residuellen Plattenepithelkarzinomen im Kopf-Hals-Bereich. Die Zielsetzung dieser Studie war die Definition der maximal tolerablen Dosis (MTD) von Paclitaxel, 2 mal pro Woche simultan zur Strahlentherapie gegeben. Weitere sekundäre Endpunkte der Studie waren die Evaluation der therapeutischen Aktivität und der Spättoxizität dieser Behandlung. Methode: 28 Patienten wurden in einem Zeitraum von 3,5 Jahren gemäss den Einschlusskriterien in diese Studie eingeschlossen. 17 Patienten mit inoperablen Lokalrezidiven und 11 Patienten mit R1/R2 Situation und Krankheitsprogression nach Primärbehandlung (Intervall > 3 Monate). 19 Patienten waren mit Strahlentherapie, 8 Patienten mit kombinierter Radiochemotherapie vorbehandelt. 1 Patient war nur mit Chirurgie und Chemotherapie vorbehandelt gewesen. Bestrahlt wurde mit 2 Gy pro Tag, 5 Tage die Woche bis zu einer kumulativen Dosis von mindestens 36 Gy bis maximal 46 Gy in Abhängigkeit von den primär bestrahlten Volumina (die mediane Vorbelastung lag bei 64 Gy). Paclitaxel wurde 2 mal pro Woche für insgesamt acht Applikationen während des Bestrahlungszeitraumes verabreicht. Die Dosis von Paclitaxel wurde in sechs Dosisstufen (20, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50mg/m²) eskaliert. Die Toxizität wurde nach den Empfehlungen der AIO / ARO (Stand Juli 1995), die auf den NCI-CTC und den RTOG Kriterien basieren, bewertet. Für die Bewertung der Remissionen wurden die WHO Richtlinien verwendet. Ergebnisse: Bei 25 Patienten konnte die Behandlung gemäß Studienprotokoll durchgeführt werden. Die MTD wurde auf Dosisstufe VI (50 mg/m² Paclitaxel) erreicht. Dosislimitierende Toxizitäten waren Mukositiden Grad III im Bereich des Strahlenfeldes, die länger als sieben Tage andauerten und eine febrile Neutropenie. Bis auf eine lokale Infektion III° im Strahlenfeld bei einem Patienten in Dosisstufe II traten keine weiteren Nebenwirkungen auf, die den Schweregrad II überschritten. 1 Patient verstarb 5 Monate nach Therapiebeginn an einer Tumorarrosionsblutung im Strahlenfeld (kumulative Strahlenbelastung 133 Gy). Dieser Todesfall wurde als therapiebedingte Spättoxizität gewertet. Die objektive Ansprechrate bei den 23 Patienten mit messbaren Tumoren lag bei 65% (1 komplette Remission, 14 partielle Remissionen). 5 Patienten (22%) zeigten eine Krankheitsstabilisierung, bei 3 Patienten (13%) kam es unter der Behandlung zu einer Progression. Die Zeit bis zur Tumorprogression lag im Median bei 5 Monaten (1 - 44 Monate), das Gesamtüberleben im Median bei 11 Monaten (1 - 67 Monate). Schlussfolgerungen: Paclitaxel kombiniert mit simultaner Strahlentherapie ist eine effektive palliative Behandlungsoption für Patienten mit rezidivierten und vorbehandelten Plattenepithel-Karzinomen im Kopf-Hals-Bereich. Für einige Patienten konnte mit dieser Behandlung ein Langzeitüberleben erreicht werden (2- Jahresüberlebensrate 18%). Die Behandlung ist problemlos ambulant durchführbar, wenn eine adäquate supportive Therapie gewährleistet ist. Die Ergebnisse rechtfertigen die Durchführung einer Phase II Studie um Effektivität und Akut- und Spättoxizität in einem größeren Patientenkollektiv beurteilen zu können.Rational: Based on preclinical and early clinical data which showed a potential synergistic antitumor- efficacy of Paclitaxel combined with irradiation in head & neck tumors, we developed an outpatient treatment regimen (paclitaxel plus simultaneous irradiation) for pretreated and recurrent patients with squamous cell carcinomas of the head & neck. The aim of this study was the definition of the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) of Paclitaxel given 2 times per week simultaneously with irradiation. Secondary endpoints have been antitumor efficacy and late toxicity. Methods: 28 patients in total have been included in this study according to the predefined inclusion criteria within 3.5 years. 17 patients with inoperable local relapse and 11 patients with R1/R2 situation and progressive disease after primary therapy (interval > 3 months) were included. 19 patients were pretreated with irradiation, 8 patients with combined radiochemotherapy. 1 patient was only pretretated with surgery and chemotherapy. Patients were irradiated with 2 Gy per day, 5 days a week until a cumulative dose of minimum 36 Gy and maximum 46 Gy depending on the primary applicated cumulative radiation dose. Paclitaxel was given 2 times per week with a maximum of 8 applications during the irradiation. The dose of paclitaxel was escalated in 6 steps (20, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50mg/m²). Toxicity was evaluated according to the NCI-CTC and RTOG criteria modified by AIO/ARO (july 1995).Tumor efficacy was evaluated according the WHO criteria. Results: The full planned study treatment could be administered in 25 patients. The MTD was reached at dose level VI (50 mg/m²Paclitaxel). Dose-limiting toxicities were mucositis grade III lasting longer than 7 days in the radiation field in 2 patients and one patient with febrile neutropenia. We found no toxicities above grade II except one local infection grade III in the radiation field. 1 patient died from an arterial bleeding (cumulative radiation dose 133Gy) 5 month after treatment start. This death was counted as late toxicity. The objective remission rate in 23 evaluable patients was 65% (1 complete remission, 14 partial remissions). We saw a disease stabilisation in 5 patients (22%) and progressive disease during treatment in 3 patients (13%). The median time to tumor progression was 5 months (1 - 44 months), the median overall survival was 11 months (1 - 67 months). Conclusion: Paclitaxel combined with simultaneous irradiation is a feasible and effective palliative treatment option in pretreated patients with relapsed, inoperable squamous cell carcinoma of the head & neck. In some patients a long term survival could be reached (2-year survival rate 18%). This treatment can be used in an outpatient setting with an adequate supportive therapy. This regimen should be evaluated in a phase II trial to generate more information concerning safety and efficacy in this heavily pretreated patient population.von Thomas Büchel
Arbeitsprozessorientierte Kompetenzentwicklung
No full textS.69-76Auf den ersten Blick ist die Neustrukturierung der IT-Weiterbildung durch große Intransparenz der Weiterbildungsangebote und durch mangelnde Karrieremöglichkeiten der Absolventen einer IT-Ausbildung zu begründen. Darüber hinaus ermöglicht sie aber auch, neue Weiterbildungskonzepte zu entwickeln, die den veränderten Qualifikationsanforderungen Rechnung tragen. Angesichts der immer kürzer werdenden Innovationszyklen bildet das in der Erstausbildung erworbene Wissen nur die Basis für die kontinuierliche berufsbegleitende Weiterbildung. Die Motivation zum lebenslangen Lernen liegt dabei nicht nur in der Employability des Arbeitnehmers begründet. Vor allem in den wissensintensiven Dienstleistungsbranchen steckt das Kapital des Unternehmens in den Köpfen der Mitarbeiter. Die bisherige Antwort auf diese neuen Rahmenbedingungen ist vor allem eine Intensivierung der Weiterbildung in Form von Schulungen. Dabei ist jedoch lange erwiesen, dass es bei diesen Formen hohe Streuverluste und mangelnde Verwertungsmöglichkeiten des erworbenen Wissens gibt. Hauptgründe dafür sind: Praxisferne geringe Individualisierung, mangelnde Aktualität, unzureichende Entwicklung von Selbstlernfähigkeiten, Probleme bei der Vermittlung sozialer und methodischer Kompetenz. Damit verlieren institutionalisierte Lernformen nicht an Bedeutung. Es ist jedoch notwendig,lernförderliche Rahmenbedingungen in der Arbeit zu schaffen, die eine Verbindung von formalen Weiterbildungsangeboten und informellem, erfahrungsgeleitetem Lernen in der Arbeit ermöglicht. Aus diesem Grund wurde mit dem Konzept Arbeitsprozessorientiertes Lernen APO eine Methodik entwickelt, die Lernen und Arbeiten möglichst eng miteinander verbindet
Drogas e mídia
No full textDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro de Ciências da Saúde. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde ColetivaEste estudo selecionou sistematicamente artigos da literatura sobre drogas e os analisou em sua forma de abordagem, buscando perspectivas, contribuições e limitações sobre o tema. Foram realizadas duas revisões sistemáticas distintas. Uma sobre o crack entre 2000-2010, nas bases Lilacs, Medline e Scielo com o objetivo de analisar os aspectos relacionados ao uso e abuso desta substância, que resultou em 126 artigos. A segunda revisão sobre drogas e mídia, foi realizada com o material publicado entre 2000-2010 nas bases de dados Lilacs, Medline, PsycInfo e Scielo. Esta busca resultou em 106 artigos com base nos critérios de inclusão e exclusão previamente determinados. Os resultados estão dispostos em dois artigos científicos um deles denominado "Revisão sistemática sobre crack: aspectos relacionados ao uso e abuso", que abordou o crack em suas relações com a saúde e doença, traçou o perfil do uso e do usuário e também mostrou a questão psicológica e social dos sujeitos que fazem uso desta substância. Faz ligações da droga com sexo, prostituição, crime e violência e por fim apresenta algumas opções de tratamento utilizadas. Foram reunidos dados importantes sobre o crack nos últimos dez anos, época que coincide com o aumento do consumo no Brasil. O segundo artigo denominado: "Drogas e mídia: uma revisão sistemática de literatura entre 2000 a 2010" abordou o álcool, a maconha e o crack, associadas à mídia. Os resultados apontaram para a mídia relacionada à prevenção e/ ou tratamento do uso e abuso de drogas, sua relação com o comportamento e o consumo de drogas e a qualidade da informação transmitida sobre estas substancias. Destaca-se o aumento do uso da internet, como forma de prevenção e tratamento do uso e abuso. Pesquisar e analisar estas drogas por meio destas revisões foi importante para entendermos as diferenças que permeiam a abordagem destas substancias nas bases acessadas. Associa-las a mídia contribuiu para verificarmos de que forma estas tecnologias podem ser utilizadas em benefício da prevenção e tratamento dos transtornos relacionados ao uso de substâncias.This study selected systematically articles from the literature on drugs and analyzed in their approach, seeking perspectives, contributions and limitations on the subject. There were two separate systematic reviews. One of the crack between 2000-2010, on the basis Lilacs, Scielo and Medline in order to analyze aspects related to the use and abuse of this substance, which resulted in 126 articles. The second review on drugs and media was carried out with material published between 2000-2010 in the databases Lilacs, Medline, and Scielo PsycInfo. This search resulted in 106 articles based on inclusion and exclusion criteria previously determined. The results are arranged in two papers one entitled "Crack's systematic review: aspects related to the use and abuse" which dealt with the drug crack in their relationship to health and disease, profiled the use and user and also showed the issue of psychological and social subjects that make use of this substance. It links the drug to sex, prostitution, crime and violence and finally presents some treatment options used. We gathered important data about the crack in the last ten years, a period that coincides with the increase of consumption in Brazil. The second article entitled Drugs and the media: the literature's systematic review from 2000 to 2010" touched alcohol, marijuana and crack, associated with the media. The results pointed to the media related to the prevention and / or treatment of drug use and abuse, its relation to behavior and drug use and better information on these substances. Of note is the increasing use of internet as a means of prevention and treatment of the use and abuse. Search and analyze these drugs through these reviews was important to understand the differences that permeate the discussion of these substances on the basis accessed. Associates them to the media helped to verify how these technologies can be used to benefit the prevention and treatment of disorders related to substance use
Processing of glycerol canola oil mixtures in an FCC pilot plant with internally circulating fluidized bed design
No full textIm Zuge dieser Arbeit wurden an der TU Wien Crackversuche von raffiniertem Glycerin in einer FCC-Pilotanlage mit intern zirkulierender Wirbelschicht durchgeführt. Hierfür wurden Mischungen aus Glycerin mit einem Reinheitsgehalt von 99,5 m% und reinem Rapsöl erstellt, welche als Feed für die Anlage dienten. Zusätzlich erfolgte zur Vergleichbarkeit von Glycerin und Rapsöl je ein Reinversuch. Die dabei entstehenden Produkte wurden mit Hilfe des sog. Lump-Modells (siehe Kap. 5.7.) zu Gruppen zusammengefasst und ausgewertet. Ziel war es dabei, etwaige Tendenzen des Einflusses des Glyceringehaltes auf die Menge und Zusammensetzung der Lumps zu bestimmen. Auch sollte eine Aufreinigungsmethode für verunreinigtes Glycerin aus der Biodieselherstellung gefunden werden, um es in der FCC-Anlage einsetzen zu können. Anhand der Ergebnisse der Crackversuche konnte beobachtet werden, dass der Einsatz von Glycerin zu einer vermehrten Bildung von Wasser, Koks und Kohlenoxiden führt. Dies sind nicht verwertbare Produkte, welche sich negativ auf die Wirtschaftlichkeit auswirken. Der Verlauf war dabei näherungsweise linear, wobei der Wassergehalt von 11 m% bei reinem Rapsöl auf rund 60 bei reinem Glycerin anstieg. Gegensätzlich hierzu verhielten sich verwertbare Produktgruppen wie Gas-, Benzin- oder LCO+Rückstand, die mit zunehmendem Glyceringehalt abnahmen. Zusätzlich erfolgte eine Auswertung des Gas-Lumps hinsichtlich seiner Zusammensetzung. Eine Plausibilitätsüberprüfung der Ergebnisse erfolgte mit Hilfe einer Sauerstoffbilanz. Auch wenn auf Grund der Ergebnisse eine hohe Beimischungsquote von Glycerin nicht sinnvoll erscheint, konnten dennoch wertvolle Erkenntnisse gewonnen werden. So kann Glycerin als Rapsöl-Glycerinmischung auf Grund der Emulgierbarkeit einfach der Anlage zugeführt werden. Weiters erfolgte eine Bestätigung der Ergebnisse der bereits von Gruber [1] durchgeführten Versuche mit Vakuumgasöl-Glycerin-Mischungen als Feed. Die Aufreinigungsmethode des technischen Glycerins stellte jedoch einen vollen Erfolg dar. So konnte durch eine zweistufige diskontinuierliche Destillation (atmosphärisch und unter Vakuum) von verunreinigtem Glycerin eine Reinheit von 99,6 m% Glycerin erreicht werden, was dem eingesetzten raffinierten Glycerin entspricht. Somit konnten für den FCC-Prozess störende Salzrückstände vollständig entfernt werden.The aim of this work is to use raffinated glycerol as a feed for cracking experiments in an FCC-pilot plant with an internally circulated fluidized bed at Vienna University of Technology. Therefor mixtures of raffinated Glycerol with 99,5 w% purity and pure rapeseed oil were processed. Additionally, experiments with pure glycerol and rapeseed oil were conducted. The products gained from these experiments were analyzed using a so called lump-model. The goal of these experiments was to obtain tendencies regarding the influence of the glycerol content in the feed on the obtained product-lumps. Finally, a purification method of crude glycerol was to be developed to enable its use as an FCC-feedstock. The results of the crack experiments show that using glycerol as a feed leads to an increased production of non economically valuable products like water, coke and carbonoxides. The observed trend was linear. The amount of water increased from 11 w% using pure rapeseed oil to 60 w% using pure glycerol. Contrary to that, the amounts of valuable products like gasoline and gas decreased approximately linearly. Additionally, the gas-lump was further analyzed to determine its composition. To verify the gained results an oxygen-balance of the products and educts was carried out. Even though the usage of mixtures with a high amount of glycerol did not lead to feasible products significant knowledge was obtained. Glycerol-rapeseed oil-mixtures can be used as a feedstock for FCC-plants at all ratios. Moreover, the findings regarding the product-lumps align with previous results of Gruber [1] regarding the use of VGO-Glycerol-mixtures. The developed purification method for crude glycerol was a success. By using a two-step discontinuous distillation process (atmospheric and vacuum conditions) a purity of 99,6 w% glycerol was obtained which correlates with the purity of refined glycerol. Consequently disruptive components like residual mineral salts were completely removed
Heavy residues and pyrolysis oils as feedstocks in the FCC process for a more sustainable production of olefins and high-octane gasoline
No full textDas Thema dieser Arbeit ist das Co-Feeding von alternativen Einsatzstoffen in einer Fluid Catalytic Cracking Pilotanlage. Das Ziel ist die Bestimmung deren Einflusses auf das Produktspektrum, um deren Eignung zu beurteilen. Hauptschwerpunkte waren die Kohlenwasserstoffgase sowie das Benzin. Ersteres beinhaltet hochwertige Produkte (Olefine) für die Kunststoffherstellung. Zweiteres ist bedeutend, da der FCC-Prozess der Hauptproduzent von hoch-oktanigem Benzin in einer Raffinerie ist. Die Versuche wurden jeweils mit dem Stand der Technik, Vakuumgasöl als Einsatzstoff, verglichen. Im ersten Bereich des Ergebnisteiles wurden Experimente mit Vakuumgasöl und verschiedenen Katalysatoren durchgeführt. Dabei sollten die Einflüsse der Katalysatoren auf das Produktspektrum untersucht und mit den Spezifikationen der Hersteller verglichen werden. In einer zweiten Versuchsreihe wurde die Menge an Fluidisierungsgas im Riser variiert, so dass sich die Umlaufrate und das Katalysator zu Öl-Verhältnis änderten. Dies führte zu signifikanten Änderungen in den FCC Produktverteilungen, was die Bedeutung von Vergleichsversuchen unter den exakt gleichen Bedingungen wie den Beimischungsversuchen untermauerte. Erst dadurch ist die Bestimmung des Einflusses eines Feedwechsels eindeutig möglich (Veränderung von nur einer Variable) und die Eignung von Einsatzstoffen für den FCC Prozess zu determinieren. In der Vergangenheit wurden schwere Rückstände hauptsächlich dazu verwendet, um Produkte mit geringer Wertschöpfung wie Heizöl oder Bunkeröl herzustellen. Mittlerweile findet jedoch in der Branche ein Wandel statt, da die Nachfrage nach diesen Produkten auf Grund von regulatorischen Vorgaben kontinuierlich abnimmt. Daher wird versucht andere Verwendungsmöglichkeiten für diese Rückstände zu finden, um Produkte mit höherer Wertschöpfung zu generieren. Prädestiniert hierfür ist der FCC Prozess auf Grund seiner Vielseitigkeit bezüglich Produkte aber auch der möglichen Einsatzstoffe. In zwei Versuchsreihen wurden hierbei Beimischungen mit Vakuumgasöl (Atmosphärischer Rückstand und Entasphaltiertes Öl) getestet. Auch wenn diese Einsatzstoffe bereits Stand der Technik sind, so sind noch einige Fragen bezüglich deren Einflüsse auf die gasförmigen Produkte und dabei auf die Olefine in der Forschung nicht komplett beantwortet. Entasphaltiertes Öl aus dem Rückstand der Vakuumdestillation zeigte eine vollständige Substituierbarkeit mit VGO in der Versuchsreihe, wobei eine Verschiebung in Richtung der schwereren Produktfraktionen beobachtet wurde. Die Versuchsreihe mit atmosphärischem Rückstand wurde durchgeführt, um die Änderung von Carbonylsulfid (COS) in der Gasfraktion zu untersuchen. Es konnte gezeigt werden, dass bis zu einer Beimischung von 5 m% Rückstand kein signifikanter Anstieg an COS beobachtet wurde, so dass keine Verschlechterung der Produktqualität auftrat. Dies ist von Bedeutung, da sich COS bei der Fraktionierung im Propylenstrom anreichert und als Katalysatorgift in der Kunststoffherstellung agiert. Die Möglichkeit des COS-Zuwachses wurde untersucht, da der atmosphärische Rückstand im Gegensatz zum verwendeten VGO nicht hydriert wurde. Der zweite Hauptfokus dieser Arbeit lag neben dem Einsatz von Rückstandsfraktionen auf dem Co-feeding von Pyrolyseölen. Dieser neue Feed kann aus Kunststoffabfällen gewonnen werden und so dazu beitragen über chemisches Recycling einen signifikanten Beitrag in Richtung Kreislaufwirtschaft zu leisten. Dieser Einsatzstoff zeigte in einer Versuchsreihe mit Beimischungen bis zu 40 m% gute Prozessierbarkeit und eine erhöhte Neigung zu Benzinbildung. In einer zweiten Versuchsreihe wurden Pyrolyseöle aus sauberen Holzabfällen hergestellt. Anschließend wurde dieses Pyrolyseöl hydriert, um den Sauerstoffgehalt, den Wassergehalt sowie die Verkokungsneigung zu verringern. Dabei wurden 2 Batches hergestellt: ein einfachhydriertes Pyrolseöl (stabilized pyrolysis oil/SPO) und ein zweifaches hydriertes (stabilized and deoxygenated pyrolysis oil/SDPO). Die Beimischung von SPO führte zu einer Erhöhung der Gasfraktion, während SDPO zu höheren Benzinausbeuten führte. Die maximalen Beimischungsmengen beliefen sich auf 10 m%. Zusätzlich wurde eine qualitative Analyse des Benzins durchgeführt, bei der keine signifikanten Qualitätsverluste im Vergleich zu Benzin aus reinem VGO gemessen werden konnten.The goal of this work was the (co)-feeding of alternative feedstocks in a fluid catalytic cracking pilot plant. The overall objective was to determine the feedstocks influence on the product spectrum to estimate their suitability for the FCC process. The first emphasis was on the hydrocarbon gases as they contain high-value products like olefins that are utilized in the polymer industry. The second emphasis was on the production of gasoline as the FCC process is the main provider of high-octane gasoline in a refinery. The experiments were benchmarked to runs with pure vacuum gas oil, the fossil-based state of the art feedstock for FCC units. In the first experimental section experiments were conducted using only vacuum gas oil and variations of catalysts. The goal was to quantify the catalysts influence on product spectra and compare them with the manufacturer’s specifications. Furthermore, the pilot plant’s ability to act as a FCC catalyst test rig was demonstrated. Secondly, effects of fluidization gas variations were researched in a separate campaign. This was done to determine the possible change in catalyst to oil ratio and consequently, the product spectra when introducing higher fluidization gas rates into the riser for heavy residual feeding. The results showed a high shift in product spectra which underlined the importance of conducting benchmark experiments at the exact same fluidization settings as the co-feeding experiments. Otherwise, the effects of the alternative feedstocks on the FCC products could not be clearly inferred. Heavy residual feedstocks were utilized in the past to create comparably low-value products like bunker fuels or heavy fuel oils. This practice is being phased out as the demand for such fuels steadily decreases due to stricter environmental regulations and lower demand. Consequently, other exploitation methods must be found to convert residual feedstocks into high-value products. The FCC unit’s versatility enables it to process a wide variety of feedstocks so that first heavy feedstock units were constructed to the 1960s and existing units were modified. In two experimental campaigns co-feeding runs with atmospheric residue and deasphalted oil were conducted. Even though those feedstocks are state-of-the-art detailed research regarding product shifts when using such heavy residuals compared to vacuum gas oils is still scarce. Especially when it comes to the hydrocarbon gas quality whose importance keeps on increasing. The deasphalted oil campaign showed great processability when compared to heavy VGO with a substitution rate up to 100 w%. It was concluded that deasphalted oil stemming from vacuum residue is a rather perfect feedstock for residual FCC. The atmospheric residue campaign was conducted with emphasis on the hydrocarbon gas lump quality and especially the generation of carbonyl sulfide (COS) which enriches in the propylene stream and impairs product quality as it acts as a catalyst poison for downstream polymer production. It was shown that co-feeding up to 5 w% atmospheric residue did not result in significant increase in COS and therefore co-feeding up to that rate could easily be achieved for a standard FCC unit without significant product impairment. The last center piece of this work is the utilization of pyrolysis oils as co-feeding feedstocks. Fast pyrolysis liquids are a rather new refinery feedstock with high potential as plastic wastes can be used as source material enabling a circular plastics economy via chemical recycling. Additionally, biogenic feedstocks like wood wastes can be utilized. In 2 experimental campaigns co-feeding experiments with plastic oils and wood oils were conducted. The plastic oil proved to be a promising refinery feedstock to a substitution rate up to 40 w%. Satisfying product spectra were obtained with an increasing gasoline fraction. The wood oils proved to be more challenging as constituents originating from the wood source complicate feeding into the plant because of pipe clogging and fouling. Additionally, unwanted oxygen and water content is high. Therefore, hydrogenation was conducted to improve feedstock quality and 2 different quality types were produced. Stabilized pyrolysis oil (SPO) underwent one treatment step whereas stabilized and deoxygenated oil (SDPO) underwent two. SPO proved to be feedable up to 10 w% and increased the olefin and hydrocarbon gas fraction. SDPO was fed in the same amounts and increased gasoline production. Both were compared with standard feed. Lastly, the gasoline quality was analyzed and no significant quality drop was observed
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