1,679 research outputs found
Supporting Data for Internal Structure of Methylcellulose Fibrils
No full textData files used to generate all figures in the manuscript "Internal Structure of Methylcellulose Fibrils" and its supplementary information.The collection of this data was supported primarily by the National Science Foundation through University of Minnesota MRSEC under award number DMR-1420013.Schmidt, Peter W; Morozova, Svetlana; Ertem, S. Piril; Coughlin, McKenzie L; Davidovich, Irina; Talmon, Yeshayahu; Reineke, Theresa M; Bates, Frank S; Lodge, Timothy P. (2020). Supporting Data for Internal Structure of Methylcellulose Fibrils. Retrieved from the University Digital Conservancy, https://doi.org/10.13020/4gms-4q97
Supporting Data for Salt-Dependent Structure in Methylcellulose Fibrillar Gels
No full textData files used to generate all figures in the manuscript "Salt-Dependent Structure in Methylcellulose Fibrillar Gels" and its supplementary information.The collection of this data was supported primarily by the National Science Foundation through University of Minnesota MRSEC under award number DMR-1420013 and DMR-2011401.Liberman, Lucy; Schmidt, Peter W; Coughlin, McKenzie L; Matatyaho Ya'akobi, Asia; Davidovich, Irina; Edmund, Jerrick; Ertem, Sedef P; Morozova, Svetlana; Talmon, Yeshayahu; Bates, Frank S; Lodge, Timothy P. (2022). Supporting Data for Salt-Dependent Structure in Methylcellulose Fibrillar Gels. Retrieved from the University Digital Conservancy, https://doi.org/10.13020/dc5t-te76
The controversy over free trade: the gap between economists and the general public
No full textDespite economists’ nearly universal support of free trade, the general public in the United States has serious reservations about it. In this article, Cletus C. Coughlin examines the reasons for this difference of opinion and the primary suggestions for bridging this gap.> Economists stress that free trade allows and, in fact, forces a nation to maximize the (net) value of the goods and services produced within its borders. Similarly, free trade allows consumers to maximize the net benefits from the goods and services that they purchase and consume. In addition, free trade improves a nation’s growth prospects. Despite these benefits, the general public remains skeptical about free trade policies. Some opposition is due to a lack of understanding about the reasons for and the impact of international trade. Additional opposition arises because the general public differs from economists in how they weigh the costs and benefits of free trade policies and which issues trade negotiations should encompass. Implementing free trade policies imposes costs upon those incurring either job losses or wage reductions. Relative to economists, some opponents of free trade tend to weigh these costs more heavily than the benefits. In addition, some oppose free trade because of concerns that free trade contributes to the abuse of workers throughout the world and to environmental degradation.> To increase political support and to facilitate trade negotiations, Coughlin explores three increasingly controversial suggestions: increased education, policies to reduce the cost to those harmed by trade liberalization, and expansion of the issues covered in trade negotiations. Clearly, no easy answer exists for generating political support for one of the few issues that most economists agree upon—a nation’s economic well-being is best served by free trade.Free trade
Nuclear Physics Multimessenger Astrophysics Constraints on the Neutron Star Equation of State: Adding NICER's PSR J0740+6620 Measurement
No full textIn the past few years, new observations of neutron stars (NSs) and NS mergers have provided a wealth of data that allow one to constrain the equation of state (EOS) of nuclear matter at densities above nuclear saturation density. However, most observations were based on NSs with masses of about 1.4 M⊙, probing densities up to ∼three to four times the nuclear saturation density. Even higher densities are probed inside massive NSs such as PSR J0740+6620. Very recently, new radio observations provided an update to the mass estimate for PSR J0740+6620, and X-ray observations by the NICER and XMM telescopes constrained its radius. Based on these new measurements, we revisit our previous nuclear physics multimessenger astrophysics constraints and derive updated constraints on the EOS describing the NS interior. By combining astrophysical observations of two radio pulsars, two NICER measurements, the two gravitational-wave detections GW170817 and GW190425, detailed modeling of the kilonova AT 2017gfo, and the gamma-ray burst GRB 170817A, we are able to estimate the radius of a typical 1.4 M⊙ NS to be 11.94-0.87+0.76 km at 90% confidence. Our analysis allows us to revisit the upper bound on the maximum mass of NSs and disfavors the presence of a strong first-order phase transition from nuclear matter to exotic forms of matter, such as quark matter, inside NSs
Ethics and Epidemiology
No full textContributors -- Pt. I. Foundations -- 1. Historical foundations / Steven S. Coughlin -- 2. Moral foundations / Tom L. Beauchamp -- 3. Toward a philosophy of epidemiology / Douglas L. Weed -- Pt. II. Informed consent, privacy, and confidentiality -- 4. Epidemiology and informed consent / Jeffery P. Kahn and Anna C. Mastoianni -- 5. Privacy and confidentiality in epidemiology: special challenges of using information obtained without informed consent / Ellen Wright Clayton -- Pt. III. Balancing risks and benefits -- 6. Ethical issues in the design and conduct of community-based intervention studies / Karen Glanz, Michelle C. Kegler, and Barbara K. Rimer -- 7. Ethical issues in the interaction with research subjects and the disclosure of results / Andrea Smith and Paul A. Schulte -- 8. Ethics in public health practice / Robert E. McKeown and R. Max Learner -- 9. Ethical issues in genetic epidemiology / Laura M. Beskow and Wylie Burke -- 10. Ethics and Epidemiology in the age of AIDS / Carol Levine -- 11. Ethical issue sin international health research and epidemiology / John D.H. Porter, Carolyn Stephens, and Anthony Kessel -- Pt. IV. The regulatory context and professional education -- 12. The institutional review board / Robert J. Levine -- 13. Good conduct and integrity in epidemiologic research / Colin L. Soskoline, Peter H. Abbrecht, Nancy M. Davidian, and Alan R. Price -- 14. Ethics curricula in epidemiology / Kenneth W. Goodman and Ronald J. Prineas -- Inde
Constraining neutron-star matter with microscopic and macroscopic collisions
No full textInterpreting high-energy, astrophysical phenomena, such as supernova explosions or neutron-star collisions, requires a robust understanding of matter at supranuclear densities. However, our knowledge about dense matter explored in the cores of neutron stars remains limited. Fortunately, dense matter is not probed only in astrophysical observations, but also in terrestrial heavy-ion collision experiments. Here we use Bayesian inference to combine data from astrophysical multi-messenger observations of neutron stars1–9 and from heavy-ion collisions of gold nuclei at relativistic energies10,11 with microscopic nuclear theory calculations12–17 to improve our understanding of dense matter. We find that the inclusion of heavy-ion collision data indicates an increase in the pressure in dense matter relative to previous analyses, shifting neutron-star radii towards larger values, consistent with recent observations by the Neutron Star Interior Composition Explorer mission5–8,18. Our findings show that constraints from heavy-ion collision experiments show a remarkable consistency with multi-messenger observations and provide complementary information on nuclear matter at intermediate densities. This work combines nuclear theory, nuclear experiment and astrophysical observations, and shows how joint analyses can shed light on the properties of neutron-rich supranuclear matter over the density range probed in neutron stars
On the Nature of GW190814 and Its Impact on the Understanding of Supranuclear Matter
No full textThe observation of a compact object with a mass of 2.50-2.67Me on 2019 August 14, by the LIGO Scientific and Virgo collaborations (LVC) has the potential to improve our understanding of the supranuclear equation of state. While the gravitational-wave analysis of the LVC suggests that GW190814 likely was a binary black hole system, the secondary component could also have been the heaviest neutron star observed to date. We use our previously derived nuclear-physics-multimessenger astrophysics framework to address the nature of this object. Based on our findings, we determine GW190814 to be a binary black hole merger with a probability of >99.9%. Even if we weaken previously employed constraints on the maximum mass of neutron stars, the probability of a binary black hole origin is still ∼81%. Furthermore, we study the impact that this observation has on our understanding of the nuclear equation of state by analyzing the allowed region in the mass-radius diagram of neutron stars for both a binary black hole or neutron star-black hole scenario. We find that the unlikely scenario in which the secondary object was a neutron star requires rather stiff equations of state with a maximum speed of sound cs ≥0.6 times the speed of light, while the binary black hole scenario does not offer any new insight
Multimessenger constraints on the neutron-star equation of state and the Hubble constant
No full textObservations of neutron-star mergers with distinct messengers, including gravitational waves and electromagnetic signals, can be used to study the behavior of matter denser than an atomic nucleus and to measure the expansion rate of the Universe as quantified by the Hubble constant. We performed a joint analysis of the gravitational-wave event GW170817 with its electromagnetic counterparts AT2017gfo and GRB170817A, and the gravitational-wave event GW190425, both originating from neutron-star mergers. We combined these with previous measurements of pulsars using X-ray and radio observations, and nuclear-theory computations using chiral effective field theory, to constrain the neutron-star equation of state. We found that the radius of a 1:4-solar mass neutron star is 11:75þ0:86_0:81 km at 90% confidence and the Hubble constant is 66:2þ4:4_4:2 at 1s uncertainty
Multi-Messenger Constraints on the Hubble Constant through Combination of Gravitational Waves, Gamma-Ray Bursts and Kilonovae from Neutron Star Mergers
No full textThe simultaneous detection of gravitational waves and light from the binary neutron star merger GW170817 led to independent measurements of distance and redshift, providing a direct estimate of the Hubble constant H0 that does not rely on a cosmic distance ladder, nor assumes a specific cosmological model. By using gravitational waves as “standard sirens”, this approach holds promise to arbitrate the existing tension between the H0 value inferred from the cosmic microwave background and those obtained from local measurements. However, the known degeneracy in the gravitational-wave analysis between distance and inclination of the source led to a H0 value from GW170817 that was not precise enough to resolve the existing tension. In this review, we summarize recent works exploiting the viewing-angle dependence of the electromagnetic signal, namely the associated short gamma-ray burst and kilonova, to constrain the system inclination and improve on H0. We outline the key ingredients of the different methods, summarize the results obtained in the aftermath of GW170817 and discuss the possible systematics introduced by each of these methods
Coughlin, Wm. C. (Death, 1871-03-14)
No full textAddress: 19 LongworthAge at death: 42Pg 132/1871/200/M W M/O./Dr. W. T. Tibbals/Estep/RadicalOriginal record filed in drawer labeled 'CORL-CRAMER'
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