806 research outputs found
Rural to Urban Migration in Pakistan : The Gender Perspective
No full textThis paper analyses gender dimensions in rural to urban migration (age 10 years and above) in Pakistan. The study is based on Labour Force Surveys 1996-2006. The findings of the study show that overtime internal migration (age 10 years and above) remained unchanged. Female migrants dominate in internal migration (age 10 years and above). In case of female migration, marriage plays a vital role. Further the direction of migration reveals that over time in internal migration the share of rural to urban migration has increased while urban to urban migration declined, however, the share of urban to urban migration remains highest in internal migration. Females are dominating in recent rural to urban move compared to long term and total rural to urban migration. Gender composition of intra-provincial move of rural to urban migration reveals that in all provinces female migrants are dominated. Further, the trend of intra and inter provincial move indicates that in all provinces long distance movement of females has increased. Not only the share of female migrant in rural to urban migration increased but there seems to be an increasing trend in family migration to cities. This seems to be due to the changes in agrarian structure and rural economy particularly increased in landless households, declined in share cropping and rise in small land holding. In addition to this , the trend in intra and inter-provincial move reveals that except in province of NWFP in all three provinces migration to long distance has an upward trend. Gender composition reveals that in all these three provinces the proportion of both male and female migrants increased over time.Rural to Urban Migration, Agrarian Structure
Corporate Social Responsibility in small and medium-sized enterprises: a developing country perspective
No full textThe aim of the current research is to generate insights into CSR understanding and practices as exercised by SMEs in Egypt, and the resulting overall impact on addressing the social developmental challenges in the Egyptian society. By embedding social capital theory within multi-layered levels of analysis, the research pays specific attention to the macro conditions that are conducive or obstructive to CSR engagement in this context.Based on 54 interviews with SME owner-managers and representatives of organizations concerned with CSR development, the researcher adopts a social constructionist approach in examining the CSR phenomenon in order to shed light on multiple perspectives and experiences of SME owner-managers. The findings suggest that the understanding of CSR is largely grounded in the context of economic and discretionary domains, highlighting the dominant role of long-standing cultural tradition, coupled with adverse institutional influence. Such an environment leads to a peculiar operationalization of the concept. CSR often takes the form of philanthropic giving, which is practised in a sporadic manner to address pressing economic needs, such as poverty and income disparity. The absence in the country of a conducive, institutionalized environment in favour of CSR further contributes to the lack of systematic approach to CSR engagement, manifested in the misalignment between CSR and businesses’ objectives and strategies. The result is an ad hoc philanthropic mode of giving.The findings reveal, however, that CSR in developing countries can act as a catalyst for social and economic development through three functions: institutionalization, strategic exchange and value creation. A strategic process has the potential of not only improving the well-being and living conditions of society, but also, in turn, creating a future pool of skilled and educated workforces and markets. Institutionalizing socially responsible practices, through endorsement, collaboration, support and legislation, encourages businesses to knit CSR into their overall strategy, and can generate sustainable shared value for their stakeholders. Social capital elements in terms of the relations of mutual trust, identification and reciprocity are the main lubricant of these functions.The contribution of this research to the field is threefold. First, it addresses a gap in the knowledge by generating insights into an under-studied topic, which is the dynamics of CSR in SMEs in a developing country. Second, it provides rich empirical evidence on the subject, drawing on semi-structured interviews with SME owner-managers as socially responsible entrepreneurs. Third, it uncovers the important role of contextual dynamics in shaping, enabling, or constraining SMEs in fulfilling their role towards society, through engaging with range of stakeholders, including practitioners (entrepreneurs) and policy-makers (such as international organizations that have a significant influence on shaping CSR policy agendas for developing countries)
sj-docx-1-aph-10.1177_10105395211048318 – Supplemental material for Association of Risk Factors for Early Childhood Disability in Rural Pakistan
No full textSupplemental material, sj-docx-1-aph-10.1177_10105395211048318 for Association of Risk Factors for Early Childhood Disability in Rural Pakistan by Shahnaz H. Ibrahim, Arjumand Rizvi, Anjum M. Ahmed and Zulfiqar A. Bhutta in Asia Pacific Journal of Public Health</p
Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) in small and medium-sized enterprises: a developing country perspective
No full textPurpose – The purpose of this research is to identify the CSR dynamics through a social capital lens in a developing country's context. Approach – The research design underpinning this study is qualitative. Semi-structured interviews have been conducted with SMEs owner-managers. Findings – Adopting a pragmatic stance, the research highlighted the significant role of the social capital concept in enabling or hindering SMEs’ engagement in the CSR discourse in the Egyptian context. Implications/limitations – A holistic understanding of the subject has been achieved by examining core issues at different levels. It is recommended that micro-individual (SME owner/manager), meso-organisational (SME context and industry), and macro-environmental (socio-economic and cultural environment) dynamics be explored by employing suitable research methods grounded in research paradigms that allow for qualitative exploration. Practical implications – By giving prominence to SMEs as the research focus, the significance of these enterprises for sustainable development is highlighted at the policy level by developing tools and mechanisms that deal with effective implementation of CSR programmes in that sector. Social implications – An in-depth understanding of the CSR practices of SMEs as embedded in their operational management will help policy makers in promoting sustainable practices by integrating social and environmental activities in the day-to-day operations of SMEs. Originality/value – The chapter makes a contribution to academic theory in the area of CSR in SMEs by examining the phenomenon through a social capital lens using a multi-layered approach from a developing country's perspective
MAXIMA card: is it advantageous to the New Straits Times Press (M) Berhad and its cardmembers ? Shahnaz Abdul Samad
No full textThis project paper deals with the MAXIMA card, a discount card which is issued by the New Straits Times Press (Malaysia) Berhad. The card is meant for the readers of the New Straits Times Press and the New Sunday Times and it is advertised as a card which offers great advantages to the cardmembers
Design of a multithreaded data cache for a hyperscalar processor
No full textDue to the character of the original source materials and the nature of batch digitization, quality control issues may be present in this document. Please report any quality issues you encounter to [email protected], referencing the URI of the item.Includes bibliographical references.Issued also on microfiche from Lange Micrographics.A multithreaded data cache for a hyperscalar processor is designed and optimized in this study. The data cache can support two simultaneous requests from a single thread at each cycle. It is assumed that the multithreaded processor using the data cache can generate at most two requests from a single thread at each cycle and then it switches to another thread and repeats the operation. The data cache can handle separate requests from different threads at each cycle. The cache is lockup-free or non-blocking which allows it to serve the request from one thread while servicing the misses from another. The miss penalty is reduced by using a data forwarding technique which will forward the missed data to the CPU as soon as the cache fetches it from memory. The cache can support one outstanding request per thread. So, only one new request from one thread will not be generated unless the previous request has been satisfied. A simulation model of the data cache is developed by using Verilog Hardware Description Language. Trace-driven simulation is carried out to optimize the cache for this high performance processor
Developmental care from theory to action
No full textDevelopmental care from theory to actionSoleimani Farin. ( M.D)1 , Sajedi Ferozeh2 (M.D)Torkzahrani Shahnaz3 (M.Sc)1. MD, Pediatrician, Associate Professor Pediatric Neurorehabilitation Research Center, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Scienc-es, Tehran, Iran.2. MD, Pediatrician, Associate Professor Pediatric Neurorehabilitation Research Center, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Scienc-es, Tehran, Iran.3. M.Sc. in Midwifery, Faculty member of Shahid Beheshti Medical University, Ph.D. Candidate Pediatric, Neurorehabilitation Research Center, Corresponding author: Torkzahrani Shahnaz; [email protected]: The premature or low birth weight infants in the neonatal intensive care unit admission are affected not only by body’s physiology and immature developmental condition but also by environmental stress; thereby they are at high risk of developing neurodevelopmental delay. The aim of this study was to review the emerging fi eld of neurodevelopmetal disorders and strategies to reduce it.Materials and Methods: In this review article, Iranmedex، Sciencedirect،google Scholar، SID, PubMed, Scopus, and EBSCO-CINAHL databases between 1960 to 2013 were searched for finding the relevant studies.Result: The review of literature indicates that developmental care mostly reports positive effects on neurodevelopmental outcomes and helps preterm infants cope with the environment of Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU). Healing environment, partnering with families, positioning and handling, safeguarding sleep and optimizing nutrition are main core measures of developmental care. The structuring and designing of NICU environment for the high risk neonate has important policy implications for neonatal healthcare and beyond hospital stay.Key Words: Developmental care, Neurodevelopment, NICU, preterm, low birth weight
Community Influences on Schooling and Work Activity of Youth in Pakistan
No full textThe schooling and work activities of youth remain fundamental to their human capital development. Yet we have limited understanding of factors influencing these activities in Pakistan and elsewhere. The bulk of research on children’s work and schooling looks primarily to household-level factors to explain current rates. As such, activities’ of youth are viewed as a product of family strategies for confronting poverty. On the other hand, the influences at the community level on work and schooling of youth have received relatively little attention and remain largely undeveloped in the literature. Further, work and schooling activities remain are usually investigated separately in the analyses. Most studies focus on either the work activities or schooling of youth, despite recent appeals to examine these activities simultaneously [DeGraff, Bilsborrow and Herrin (1993); Mahmood, Javaid and Baig (1994) and Weiner and Noman (1997)]. The purpose of this paper is to assess the participation of youth in work and schooling activities and the way household and community factors shape these activities. I address two central research questions in this paper. First, what is the distribution of Pakistani youth in work and schooling activities? Second, what factors influence the likelihood that youth engage in work and/or schooling? Particularly, what is the influence of community-level factors (specifically, availability of schools, wage returns to education, and infrastructure development) on the activities of youth?
Situating Globalization: Views from Egypt
No full textThe range of perspectives and original materials dealt with by each author highlights the renewed urgency of the struggle for cultural autonomy and voice within the context of globalization. In other words, each paper explores how the various processes at both the local and global level intersect to create new discourses and debates round the »indigenization of knowledge.« If a new wind of cultural decolonization is blowing through the Arab Middle East, which is having profound impact on the lives of men and women, then we should expect a new scholarship to emerge in order to grasp and understand it. This book is a contribution in that direction
Situating Globalization
No full textThe range of perspectives and original materials dealt with by each author highlights the renewed urgency of the struggle for cultural autonomy and voice within the context of globalization. In other words, each paper explores how the various processes at both the local and global level intersect to create new discourses and debates round the »indigenization of knowledge.« If a new wind of cultural decolonization is blowing through the Arab Middle East, which is having profound impact on the lives of men and women, then we should expect a new scholarship to emerge in order to grasp and understand it. This book is a contribution in that direction
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