33 research outputs found
Connaissances, attitudes et pratiques des étudiants au Mali en Chine concernant le VIH/SIDA
No full textLe VIH/SIDA est l’un des problèmes majeurs de santé publique dans le monde. La jeunesse y compris le monde scolaire est un groupe vulnérable pour le VIH et SIDA à cause du fait qu’elle n’est pas suffisamment bien préparée pour affronter les problèmes liés à leur sexualité et aussi du fait qu’elle ne dispose pas suffisamment de connaissances réelles sur l’infection à VIH et SIDA. Le niveau de connaissance du VIH/SIDA ne semble pas avoir d’impact sur les pratiques et attitudes des étudiants, cependant l’étude de la connaissance de la maladie chez les étudiants nous permet de comprendre les facteurs contribuant à lutter efficacement contre la propagation du VIH/SIDAdans l’espace scolaire. Une connaissance inadéquate, des attitudes négatives et des pratiques risquées sont des entraves majeures pour prévenir la propagation du VIH/SIDA. Les jeunes âgés de 15 à 25 ans courent plus de risque de contracter le VIH/SIDA. Les étudiants qui ne sont complètement matures constituent un large segment de la population et restent particulièrement vulnérables au VIH/SIDA. Des programmes d’éducation avec des interventions spécifiques doivent être menés pour apporter des changements de comportements, augmenter le niveau de connaissance, attitudes et pratiques et prévenir de nouvelles infections VIH
Diversity of Methanogens in Animals’ Gut
No full textInternational audienceMethanogens are members of anaerobe microbiota of the digestive tract of mammals, including humans. However, the sources, modes of acquisition, and dynamics of digestive tract methanogens remain poorly investigated. In this study, we aimed to expand the spectrum of animals that could be sources of methanogens for humans by exploring methanogen carriage in animals. We used real-time PCR, PCR-sequencing, and multispacer sequence typing to investigate the presence of methanogens in 407 fecal specimens collected from nine different mammalian species investigated here. While all the negative controls remained negative, we obtained by PCR-sequencing seven different species of methanogens, of which three (Methanobrevibacter smithii, Methanobrevibacter millerae and Methanomassiliicoccus luminyensis) are known to be part of the methanogens present in the human digestive tract. M. smithii was found in 24 cases, including 12/24 (50%) in pigs, 6/24 (25%) in dogs, 4/24 (16.66%) in cats, and 1/24 (4.16%) in both sheep and horses. Genotyping these 24 M. smithii revealed five different genotypes, all known in humans. Our results are fairly representative of the methanogen community present in the digestive tract of certain animals domesticated by humans, and other future studies must be done to try to cultivate methanogens here detected by molecular biology to better understand the dynamics of methanogens in animals and also the likely acquisition of methanogens in humans through direct contact with these animals or through consumption of the meat and/or milk of certain animals, in particular cows
Trading millet and sorghum genetic resources women vendors in the village fairs of San and Souentza, Mali:
No full text"In Mali, liberalization of seed markets for sorghum and millet, the staple food crops, has not advanced at the same rate or with the same measurable success as liberalization of grain markets. Most seed of these crops is uncertified and continues to be supplied to farmers by farmers, according to clan and ethno-linguistic group. After poor harvests or when replanting after a dry spell, farmers rely on local markets for grain as sources of seed. This paper summarizes the findings of a vendor survey conducted in two marketsheds during weekly fairs. No certified seed is sold. Almost all vendors are women who are also farmers. Variety integrity is maintained particularly for millet seed in the marketshed of the Sahelian zone, where the range of variety adaptation is very limited. Grain that is suitable for seed is brought to market directly from granaries. Varieties are identified by their provenance. Socially prescribed behavior is apparent in price-fixing, price discounts, procurement practices, and the spatial organization of vendors. Preliminary hypotheses are tested with a simple regression. Marketshed, which is highly correlated with the ethnic composition of the population, agro-ecology, market infrastructure and crop sold, has a dominant impact on quantities sold. Quantities sold do not respond to expected prices. Greater specialization of the vendor in trade as compared to farming, younger age, and additional years in school positively influence amounts sold. A better comprehension of this type of trade could contribute to policies that improve the access of poor farmers to valuable crop genetic resources, enhancing their seed security and productivity." from Author's AbstractAgricultural development, Informal sector, Seed markets, Traders, Landraces, Millet, Sorghum, Women, Biodiversity,
Vaccine
No full textWe conducted a serological survey of anti-polio antibodies in polio high-risk areas of Mali, Guinea and Cote d'Ivoire to assess risk of future poliovirus outbreaks. Random community sampling of children 6-11 and 36-48\u202fmonths-old was conducted; neutralizing antibodies against poliovirus were detected using microneutralization assay. We analysed 1059/1064 (99.5%) of enrolled children. Seroprevalence to poliovirus type 1 (PV1) across all age groups and locations ranged between 92 and 100%, for PV2 it was 77-100%, and 89-95% for PV3. PV2 seroprevalence in the younger age group in Guinea and Cote d'Ivoire was\u202f<80%. History of\u202f<4 polio vaccine doses and acute malnutrition were associated with seronegativity (OR\u202f=\u202f2.1 CI95%\u202f=\u202f1.5-3.1, OR\u202f=\u202f1.8 CI95%\u202f=\u202f1.1-3.3 respectively). The risk of poliovirus outbreak following importation is low because of high population immunity to PV1, however, due to large cohort of PV2 seronegative children any future detection of vaccine-derived poliovirus type 2 requires urgent response to arrest rapid spread.20182022-05-25T00:00:00Z001/WHO_/World Health OrganizationInternational/CC999999/ImCDC/Intramural CDC HHSUnited States/29358054PMC91313011167
Meconial Methanobrevibacter smithii suggests intrauterine methanogen colonization in preterm neonates
No full textInternational audienceTo understand the dynamics of methanogens in the human intestinal microbiota, we investigated the presence of methanogens in meconium using a polyphasic approach including microscopy and PCR-sequencing in 33 meconium samples collected from 33 pre-term neonates, in accordance with current ethics regulation. In the presence of negative controls, 90.9% samples were real-time PCR-positive for methanogens and 69.7 % were PCR-sequencing positive, identified as Methanobrevibacter (M.) smithii. Further, auto-fluorescent analysis detected methanogens in the two meconium samples analyzed, with a morphology suggesting M. smithii. Multispacer Sequence Typing found M. smithii genotypes ST1 and ST2, previously described as intestinal microbiota inhabitants. C-section delivery and non-use of peripartum antibiotics significantly correlated with PCR-detection of methanogens in meconium. These data position M. smithii among the early inhabitants of the human gut, detectable immediately after birth and suggest the contribution of methanogens to the perinatal development of intestinal microbiota and physiology
Seed value chains for Sorghum and Millet in Mali: A state-based system in transition
No full text"This paper reviews the structure and performance of the sorghum and millet seed sector in Mali. The Sahel is the origin of pearl millet and sorghum, seed selection and management of these crops is embedded in local cultures, and most producers of these crops are subsistence oriented. Despite seed sector reform, no certified seed of these crops is sold in local markets and farmers prefer to rely on themselves or each other for seed. The dominant source of certified seed is the national seed service. Certified seed is multiplied by contracted farmers and seed producer groups, and supplied to farmers through farmers' associations, development organizations, and extension services. The informal sector supplies farmers with non-certified seed directly and indirectly through village grain markets. There is no consensus about whether it is lack of effective demand or supply that constrains farmer use of certified sorghum and millet seed, but researchers generally conclude that the process of certifying seed is too lengthy, some mechanism must be established for production and trade of locally-adapted landraces, and Mali's highly structured farmers' associations could play an even stronger role in testing and promoting demand for certified seed. Recommendations have included the use of small packs and seed auctions where market infrastructure is sparse, and in more commercialized areas, involvement of agro-input dealers, shopkeepers and traders. Still, estimated adoption rates for improved millet (under 10 percent of crop area) and sorghum seed (under 20 percent of crop area) could be as high as can be expected in this challenging natural environment and institutional context." from Author's AbstractSeeds, Formal sector, Informal sector, Millet, Sorghum, Seed markets, Biodiversity,
Impact du décalage horaire dans la prise des antirétroviraux sur la charge virale chez les PVVIH suivis à Bamako
No full textIntroduction : L’observance thérapeutique a plusieurs facettes parmi lesquelles nous avons les omissions de prises des ARV, les interruptions, le decalage de l’horaire de prise. Le but de ce travail était d’evaluer l’impact du décalage horaire de la prise des ARV sur l’évolution de la charge virale plasmatique chez les patients infectés par le VIH-1 suivis à Bamako (Mali). Méthodes : Il s’agit d’une étude transversale, prospective chez 53 patients infectés par le VIH-1 suivis à Bamako, s’étalant de novembre 2008 à octobre 2009. Les patients ont été considérés comme bons observants s'ils avaient au moins pris 95% de leur médicament sans décalage horaire. Résultats : La fréquence du décalage horaire variait favorablement au cours du suivi : 23 cas à 6 mois, 19 cas à 8 mois, 16 cas à 10 mois, et 9 cas à 12 mois. L’oubli a été l’une des principales causes de ces décalages horaires, suivi de l’endormissement. La difference entre l’évolution de la Charge virale (CV) et le décalage horaire à 6 mois était significative (P=0, 001 ). L’évolution de la CV serait probablement influencée par le décalage horaire des patients à 12 mois (p=0,07). Sur les 41 patients qui avaient une CV indétectable à 12 mois, 35 étaient observants soit 85,4%. Conclusion : Le decalage horaire semble avoir un impact negatif sur l’evolution de la charge virale pendant les 6 premiers mois d’un traitement. Au-delà de 6 mois de traitement le decalage horaire ne semble pas avoir d’effet sur la charge virale
The impact of CAFTA on employment, production, and poverty in Honduras:
No full text"In this paper we develop a dynamic CGE model to examine the impact of CAFTA on production, employment and poverty in Honduras. We model four aspects of the agreement: tariff reductions, quotas, changes in the rules of origin for maquila and more generous treatment of foreign investment. We first show that trade liberalization under CAFTA has a positive effect on growth, employment and poverty but the effect is small. What really matters for Honduras is the assembly (maquila) industry. CAFTA liberalized the rules of origin for imports into this industry. That raises the growth rate of output by 1.4% and reduces poverty by 11% in 2020 relative to what it would otherwise have been. Increasing capital formation through an increase in foreign investment in response to CAFTA has an even larger impact on growth, employment and poverty. These simulations say something important about the growth process in a country like Honduras in which it seems reasonable to assume that there is underemployed, unskilled labor willing and able to work more at a fixed real wage. In such an economy changing the structure of demand in favor of sectors that use a lot of unskilled labor will have a big impact on growth. That is what the maquila simulation does, because maquila uses a lot of unskilled labor relative to skilled labor and capital. Alternatively the supply of capital can be increased by increasing the rate of capital formation. Either of these two has a far larger impact on growth and poverty than tariff reductions alone." from Authors' AbstractCAFTA, Growth, Poverty, CGE model,
Candidatus Methanosphaera massiliense sp. nov., a methanogenic archaeal species found in a human fecal sample and prevalent in pigs and red kangaroos
No full textInternational audienceABSTRACT Methanosphaera stadtmanae was the sole Methanosphaera representative to be cultured and detected by molecular methods in the human gut microbiota, further associated with digestive and respiratory diseases, leaving unknown the actual diversity of human-associated Methanosphaera species. Here, a novel Methanosphaera species, Candidatus Methanosphaera massiliense ( Ca . M. massiliense) sp. nov. was isolated by culture using a hydrogen- and carbon dioxide-free medium from one human feces sample. Ca . M. massiliense is a non-motile, 850 nm Gram-positive coccus autofluorescent at 420 nm. Whole-genome sequencing yielded a 29.7% GC content, gapless 1,785,773 bp genome sequence with an 84.5% coding ratio, encoding for alcohol and aldehyde dehydrogenases promoting the growth of Ca . M. massiliense without hydrogen. Screening additional mammal and human feces using a specific genome sequence-derived DNA-polymerase RT-PCR system yielded a prevalence of 22% in pigs, 12% in red kangaroos, and no detection in 149 other human samples. This study, extending the diversity of Methanosphaera in human microbiota, questions the zoonotic sources of Ca . M. massiliense and possible transfer between hosts. IMPORTANCE Methanogens are constant inhabitants in the human gut microbiota in which Methanosphaera stadtmanae was the only cultivated Methanosphaera representative. We grew Candidatus Methanosphaera massiliense sp. nov. from one human feces sample in a novel culture medium under a nitrogen atmosphere. Systematic research for methanogens in human and animal fecal samples detected Ca . M. massiliense in pig and red kangaroo feces, raising the possibility of its zoonotic acquisition. Host specificity, source of acquisition, and adaptation of methanogens should be further investigated
From the ground up: Impacts of a pro-poor community-driven development project in Nigeria
No full text"The community-driven development (CDD) approach has become increasingly popular because of its potential to develop projects that are sustainable, are responsive to local priorities, empower local communities, and more effectively target poor and vulnerable groups. The purpose of this study is to assess the impacts of Fadama II, which is a CDD project and the largest agricultural project in Nigeria. This study used propensity score matching (PSM) to select 1728 comparable project beneficiaries and non-beneficiaries. The study also used double difference methods to compare the impact indicators. Our results show that Fadama II project succeeded in targeting the poor and women farmers in its productive asset acquisition component. Participation in the project also increased the income of beneficiaries by about 60 percent, which is well above the targeted increase of only 20 percent in the six year period of the project. Regarding rural infrastructure investments, we found that the Fadama II project had positive near-term impacts on beneficiaries' access to markets and transportation costs, although the study revealed surprising effects on beneficiaries' commercial behavior and statistically insignificant impacts on nonfarm activities. We also observed that Fadama II increased the demand for postharvest handling technologies but did not have a significant impact on the demand for financial management and market information. Fadama II reduced the demand for soil fertility management technologies. The decline likely reflects the project's focus on providing postproduction advisory services and suggests the need for the project to increase its support for soil fertility management and thus limit the potential for land degradation resulting from increased agricultural productivity. Overall, the Fadama II project has achieved its goal of increasing the incomes of the beneficiaries in the first year of its operation. The project has also succeeded in targeting the poor and vulnerable in its productive-asset component, even though that did not appear to increase significantly short-term household incomes among the poorest asset tercile. The unique feature that could have contributed to the significant impact of the project in a short time is its broad-based approach, which addresses the major constraints limiting the success of CDD projects that address only one or two constraints. This has implications on planning poverty reduction efforts in low-income countries. Given that the poor face numerous constraints, a CDD project that simultaneously addresses many constraints will likely build synergies that will lead to larger impacts than will a project that addresses only one or two constraints. This suggests the need for the government and donors to pool resources and initiate multipronged CDD projects rather than many isolated projects." from Author's AbstractCommunity driven development, Poverty reduction, Propensity score matching, Difference-in-difference, Fadama,
