89 research outputs found
EPIPHANE CHKHAIDZE ON THE RELATION OF CHURCH AND STATE
No full textRecently, the Georgian Orthodox Church has become especially active in a matter of restoring the monarchy in Georgia. To clarify what lay and ecclesiastical people fighting for autocephaly of the Georgian Orthodox Church thought about the restoration of royal institution, in the present article we recalled and examined the article: Epiphane Chkhaidze, Ecclesiastical Reform (“Sakhalkho Sakme”, №860, 26.VI, 1920, 2-3.)It is prominent with its knowledge of the matter and professionalism naturally leading to a desire to know even a bit about life and activity of its author. The work considers the person of Epiphane Chkhaidze, the main aspects of his biography and his attitude with the institution of the king on the basis of his considerations as a cleriRecently, the Georgian Orthodox Church has become especially active in a matter of restoring the monarchy in Georgia. To clarify what lay and ecclesiastical people fighting for autocephaly of the Georgian Orthodox Church thought about the restoration of royal institution, in the present article we recalled and examined the article: Epiphane Chkhaidze, Ecclesiastical Reform (“Sakhalkho Sakme”, №860, 26.VI, 1920, 2-3.) It is prominent with its knowledge of the matter and professionalism naturally leading to a desire to know even a bit about life and activity of its author. The work considers the person of Epiphane Chkhaidze, the main aspects of his biography and his attitude with the institution of the king on the basis of his considerations as a cler
Migrations of the russian Language and the State Academic institutions: Notes on its cultivation and Depopularization in Georgia and its peripheries (Abkhazia and South Ossetia)
No full textThe history of the building, construction, and collapse of states makes it possible to observe the expansion of the Empire’s language and the changes that are taking place in the politics of language and education, including those in higher education. Georgia’s history is a telling example of this. After the Russian Empire came to power, institutions of higher education were established, which included education in Russian as well. Moreover, writing languages were also created for the ethnic groups that made up the Georgian population (Abkhaz and Ossetians) in order to widen their influence and integration into the empire. In the Soviet time, these practices became stronger. After the collapse of the USSR, linguistic priorities in education changed, and institutions in the periphery were divided into those that stayed in the old territories with the new national curriculum and those that moved under the old names to the central locations of the former Soviet republic center (the Abkhaz University in Tbilisi and in Sukhumi).Elena Chkhaidze – doktor w zakresie literaturoznawstwa, wykłada na Uniwersytecie Ruhry w Bochum (Niemcy).Ruhr University, Bochum, NiemcyABNO I ego razgrom (1922–1931 gg.), Sukhumi 2021 [АБНО и его разгром (1922–1931 гг.), Сухуми 2021].Barsov A.V., Literatura posle Gogolya, Tiflis 1912 [Барсов А.В., Литература после Гоголя, Тифилис 1912].Basiliya Sh.I. 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Programma po istorii russkoj literatury (dlya fakul’tetov yazykov i literatury), Tbilisi 1938 [Дрвевняя русская литература (ХI–ХVII). Программа по истории русской литературы (для факультетов языков и литературы), Тбилиси 1938].Getsadze I.O., Abkhazskii yazyk, Moscow–Leningrad 1959 [Гецадзе И.О., Абхазский язык, Москва–Ленинград 1959].Gugushvili P., Etapi razvitiya gruzinskogo sovetskogo knigoizdatel’stva 1921–1937, Moskva 1967 [Гугушвили П., Этапы развития грузинского советского книгоиздательства 1921–1937, Москва 1967].Hardt M., Negri A., Empire. 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Т. 2, Тифилис 1905].Mikhailov D.N., Ocherki russkoi poezii XIX veka, Tifilis 1905 [Михайлов Д.Н., Очерки русской поэзии XIX века, Тифилис 1905].Modebadze I., Megrelishvili T., Poslednie “iz mogikan”, ili Krizis gruzinskoi rusistki, “TSQ” 2015, No. 53 [Модебадзе И., Мегрелишвили Т., Последние «из могикан», или Кризис грузинской русистики, “TSQ” 2015, № 53].Moore D., Is the Post- in Postcolonial the Post- in Post-Soviet? 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А.А. Sidorov i dr., Moscow 1976 [Проблемы рукописной и печатной книги, ред. А.А. Сидоров и др., Москва 1976].Reader in literature for national secondary schools, ed. N. G. Vekua, P.I. Tolchin, A.V. Shadova, Sukhumi 1935.Sintaksicheskii zadachnik, Tiflis 1913 [Синтаксический задачник, Тифилис 1913].South Ossetia in the period of building socialism, Metsniereba 1981.Tishkov V.A., Shabev U.P., Etnopolitologia, Moscow 2019 [Тишков В.А., Шабев У.П., Этнополитология, Москва 2019].Tlostanova M., Žit‘ nikogda, pisat‘ niotkuda. Postsovetskaja kul’tura i ėstetika transkul’turacii, Moskva 2004 [Тлостанова М., Жить никогда, писать ниоткуда. 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Курс 3, Тифилис 1907].1423726
Study of phytoplasma-associated grapevine yellows diseases in Georgia
No full textFlavescence dorée (FD) and Bois noir (BN) are two phytoplasma-associated diseases, belonging to the grapevine yellows (GY) complex, responsible for serious crop losses in the Euro-Mediterranean area and in other continents. Even their symptoms are undistinguishable, FD and BN are associated with phytoplasmas distinct at both taxonomic/genetic and ecological/epidemiological level. FD phytoplasmas are efficiently transmitted to grapevine by the Scaphoideus titanus, a leafhopper sustaining its whole life cycle on Vitis spp. Consequently, geographic areas hosting large vector populations and FD phytoplasmas can be damaged by strong FD epidemics. Due to this aspect, FD phytoplasmas are quarantine pathogens to be controlled through mandatory measures. On the other hand, BN phytoplasmas are occasionally transmitted to grapevine by Hyalesthes obsoletus, a polyphagous vector living preferentially on nettle, bindweed, and chaste tree. Due to its complex epidemiological cycle, it is difficult to design efficient control strategies against BN.
Preliminary survey highlighted that BN affects grapevine varieties in Georgia, while FD was not reported. Further research was carried out to investigate the BN symptom severity in international and Georgian native varieties, and its epidemiology. Identification and characterization of BN phytoplasma was performed by analysis of multiple gene nucleotide sequences. During field surveys, moderate/mild and severe symptoms were observed on Georgian grapevine varieties and international cultivars, respectively. Molecular characterization revealed the presence of several genetically distinct BN phytoplasma types described here for the first time. Molecular detection, supported by phylogenetic analyses, indicated that BN phytoplasma strains in Georgia are associated mainly with the bindweed-related host system. Moreover, the presence of the same phytpoplasma strains in grapevine cultivars showing a range of symptom intensity suggested a different susceptibility of Georgian local varieties to BN. To prevent the spread of GY diseases, further studies are needed to survey BN and FD phytoplasmas in Georgian vineyards and nurseries
Questionnaire. The Humanities after February 24th
No full textThose fields of the humanities dedicated to Russia, Central Asia and Eastern Europe studies, are faced nowadays with the need not only to reflect on their own imperial or colonial roots, but also to rethink their goals and guidelines. In this questionnaire our regular authors and longtime friends and colleagues Sergey Zenkin, Serguei Alex. Oushakine, Alexander Semyonov, Nikolai Plotnikov, Catriona Kelly, Elena Chkhaidze, Hans Ulrich Gumbrecht, Ellen Rutten, Kevin M.F. Platt, Mark Lipovetsky, Evgeny Dobrenko, Riccardo Nicolosi, Aleida Assmann, and Mikhail Iampolski answer the questions about the recent past and near future of the humanities
Identification and characterization of new 'Candidatus Phytoplasma solani' strains associated with bois noir disease in Vitis vinifera L. cultivars showing a range of symptoms severity in Georgia, the Caucasus region
No full textEvidence from a preliminary survey highlighted that ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma solani’, the etiological agent of bois noir (BN) disease of grapevine, infects grapevine varieties in Georgia, a country of the South Caucasus. In this study, field surveys were carried out to investigate the BN symptom severity in international and Georgian native varieties. ‘Ca. P. solani’ was detected and identified by polymerase chain reaction-based amplification and restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of 16S ribosomal DNA, and further characterized by multiple gene typing analysis (vmp1 and stamp genes). Obtained data highlighted that the majority of Georgian grapevine varieties showed moderate and mild symptoms, whereas international cultivars exhibited severe symptoms. Molecular characterization of ‘Ca. P. solani’ from grapevine revealed the presence of 11 distinct phytoplasma types. Only one type (VmGe12/StGe7) was identical to a strain previously reported in periwinkle from Lebanon; the other ‘Ca. P. solani’ types are described here for the first time. Phylogenetic analyses of vmp1 and stamp gene concatenated nucleotide sequences showed that ‘Ca. P. solani’ strains in Georgia are associated mainly with the bindweed-related BN host system. Moreover, the fact that ‘Ca. P. solani’ strains are distributed in grapevine cultivars showing a range of symptom intensity suggests a different susceptibility of such local cultivars to BN
Questionnaire. The Humanities after February 24th
No full textThose fields of the humanities dedicated to Russia, Central Asia and Eastern Europe studies, are faced nowadays with the need not only to reflect on their own imperial or colonial roots, but also to rethink their goals and guidelines. In this questionnaire our regular authors and longtime friends and colleagues Sergey Zenkin, Serguei Alex. Oushakine, Alexander Semyonov, Nikolai Plotnikov, Catriona Kelly, Elena Chkhaidze, Hans Ulrich Gumbrecht, Ellen Rutten, Kevin M.F. Platt, Mark Lipovetsky, Evgeny Dobrenko, Riccardo Nicolosi, Aleida Assmann, and Mikhail Iampolski answer the questions about the recent past and near future of the humanities
Spatially constrained tumour growth affects the patterns of clonal selection and neutral drift in cancer genomic data
No full textQuantification of the effect of spatial tumour sampling on the patterns of mutations detected in next-generation sequencing data is largely lacking. Here we use a spatial stochastic cellular automaton model of tumour growth that accounts for somatic mutations, selection, drift and spatial constrains, to simulate multi-region sequencing data derived from spatial sampling of a neoplasm. We show that the spatial structure of a solid cancer has a major impact on the detection of clonal selection and genetic drift from bulk sequencing data and single-cell sequencing data. Our results indicate that spatial constrains can introduce significant sampling biases when performing multi-region bulk sampling and that such bias becomes a major confounding factor for the measurement of the evolutionary dynamics of human tumours. We present a statistical inference framework that takes into account the spatial effects of a growing tumour and allows inferring the evolutionary dynamics from patient genomic data. Our analysis shows that measuring cancer evolution using next-generation sequencing while accounting for the numerous confounding factors requires a mechanistic model-based approach that captures the sources of noise in the data. Summary Sequencing the DNA of cancer cells from human tumours has become one of the main tools to study cancer biology. However, sequencing data are complex and often difficult to interpret. In particular, the way in which the tissue is sampled and the data are collected, impact the interpretation of the results significantly. We argue that understanding cancer genomic data requires mathematical models and computer simulations that tell us what we expect the data to look like, with the aim of understanding the impact of confounding factors and biases in the data generation step. In this study, we develop a spatial simulation of tumour growth that also simulates the data generation process, and demonstrate that biases in the sampling step and current technological limitations severely impact the interpretation of the results. We then provide a statistical framework that can be used to overcome these biases and more robustly measure aspects of the biology of tumours from the data
Costs of routine immunization services in Moldova: Findings of a facility-based costing study
No full textObjective: Available estimates on how much it costs to provide routine immunization services are out-dated. This study attempts to address gaps in evidence by evaluating the total economic and unit costs of delivering routine immunization (RI) services in Moldova as part of a multi-country study on the costs and financing of routine immunization (EPIC). Methods: This cross-sectional study is based on a multistage stratified random sample of fifty primary health care facilities. Data on inputs, prices, and outputs were collected retrospectively for 2011 and analyzed using an ingredient-based costing approach in Excel and SPSS®. Results: The average total annual facility cost for RI was 565 to 18.3, the cost per child was 332.3. The results show considerable variation in the costs of routine immunization services across facility type and depending on a facility scale i.e. annual doses administered. Conclusions: The study shows that the cost of fully immunizing a child in a middle-income country is much higher than previous estimates. These results will be used by the government for better planning and financing of routine immunization services, leading to greater sustainability.Fil: Goguadze, K.. Curatio International Foundation; Estados UnidosFil: Chikovani, I.. Curatio International Foundation; Estados UnidosFil: Gaberi, C.. Ministry of Health; MoldaviaFil: Maceira, Daniel Alejandro. Centro de Estudios de Estado y Sociedad; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Uchaneishvili, M.. Curatio International Foundation; Estados UnidosFil: Chkhaidze, N.. Curatio International Foundation; Estados UnidosFil: Gotsadze, G.. Curatio International Foundation; Estados Unido
Evolutionary dynamics of residual disease in human glioblastoma
No full textGlioblastoma is the most common and aggressive adult brain malignancy against which conventional surgery and chemoradiation provide limited benefit. Even when a good treatment response is obtained, recurrence inevitably occurs either locally (c.80%) or distally (c.20%), driven by cancer clones that are often genomically distinct from those in the primary tumour. Glioblastoma cells display a characteristic infiltrativephenotype, invading the surrounding tissue and often spreading across the whole brain. Cancer cells responsible for relapse can reside in two compartments of residual disease that are left behind after treatment: the infiltrated normal brain parenchyma, and the sub-ventricular zone (SVZ). However, these two sources of residual disease in glioblastoma are understudied because of the difficulty in sampling these regions during surgery. Here we present the results of whole-exome sequencing of 69 multi-region samples collected using fluorescence-guided resection from 11 patients, including the infiltrating tumour margin (M) and the SVZ for each patient, as well as matched blood. We used a phylogenomic approach to dissect the spatio-temporal evolution of each tumour and unveil the relation between residual disease and the main tumour mass. We also analysed two patients with paired primary-recurrence samples with matched residual disease. Our results suggest that infiltrative subclones can arise early during tumour growth in a subset of patients. After treatment, the infiltrative subclones may seed the growth of a recurrent tumour, thus representing the ‘missing link’ between the primary tumour and recurrent disease. These results are consistent with recognised clinical phenotypic behaviour and suggest that more specific therapeutic targeting of cells in the infiltrated brain parenchyma may improve patient’s outcome
Measuring single cell divisions in human tissues from multi-region sequencing data
No full textBoth normal tissue development and cancer growth are driven by a branching process of cell division and mutation accumulation that leads to intra-tissue genetic heterogeneity. However, quantifying somatic evolution in humans remains challenging. Here, we show that multi-sample genomic data from a single time point of normal and cancer tissues contains information on single-cell divisions. We present a new theoretical framework that, applied to whole-genome sequencing data of healthy tissue and cancer, allows inferring the mutation rate and the cell survival/death rate per division. On average, we found that cells accumulate 1.14 mutations per cell division in healthy haematopoiesis and 1.37 mutations per division in brain development. In both tissues, cell survival was maximal during early development. Analysis of 131 biopsies from 16 tumours showed 4 to 100 times increased mutation rates compared to healthy development and substantial inter-patient variation of cell survival/death rates
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