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Assessing stool quantities generated by three specific Kato-Katz thick smear templates employed in different settings.
Get PDFBACKGROUND
The Kato-Katz technique is recommended for the diagnosis of helminth infections in epidemiological surveys, drug efficacy studies and monitoring of control interventions. We assessed the comparability of the average amount of faeces generated by three Kato-Katz templates included in test kits from two different providers.
METHODS
Nine hundred Kato-Katz thick smear preparations were done; 300 per kit. Empty slides, slides plus Kato-Katz template filled with stool and slides plus stool after careful removal of the template were weighed to the nearest 0.1 mg. The average amount of stool that was generated on the slide was calculated for each template, stratified by standard categories of stool consistency (i.e. mushy, soft, sausage-shaped, hard and clumpy).
RESULTS
The average amount of stool generated on slides was 40.7 mg (95 % confidence interval (CI): 40.0-41.4 mg), 40.3 mg (95 % CI: 39.7-40.9 mg) and 42.8 mg (95 % CI: 42.2-43.3 mg) for the standard Vestergaard Frandsen template, and two different templates from the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC), respectively. Mushy stool resulted in considerably lower average weights when the Vestergaard Frandsen (37.0 mg; 95 % CI: 34.9-39.0 mg) or new China CDC templates (37.4 mg; 95 % CI: 35.9-38.9 mg) were used, compared to the old China CDC template (42.2 mg; 95 % CI: 40.7-43.7 mg) and compared to other stool consistency categories.
CONCLUSION
The average amount of stool generated by three specific Kato-Katz templates was similar (40.3-42.8 mg). Since the multiplication factor is somewhat arbitrary and small changes only have little effect on infection intensity categories, it is suggested that the standard multiplication factor of 24 should be kept for the calculation of eggs per gram of faeces for all investigated templates
Quality control in the diagnosis of Trichuris trichiura and Ascaris lumbricoides using the Kato-Katz technique : experience from three randomised controlled trials
Get PDFBackgroundAn accurate diagnosis of soil-transmitted helminthiasis is important for individual patient management, for drug efficacy evaluation and for monitoring control programmes. The Kato-Katz technique is the most widely used method detecting soil-transmitted helminth eggs in faecal samples. However, detailed analyses of quality control, including false-positive and faecal egg count (FEC) estimates, have received little attention.MethodsOver a 3-year period, within the frame of a series of randomised controlled trials conducted in Pemba, United Republic of Tanzania, 10% of randomly selected Kato-Katz thick smears were re-read for Trichuris trichiura and Ascaris lumbricoides eggs. In case of discordant result (i.e. positive versus negative) the slides were re-examined a third time. A result was assumed to be false-positive or false-negative if the result from the initial reading did not agree with the quality control as well as the third reading. We also evaluated the general agreement in FECs between the first and second reading, according to internal and World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines.ResultsFrom the 1,445 Kato-Katz thick smears subjected to quality control, 1,181 (81.7%) were positive for T. trichiura and 290 (20.1%) were positive for A. lumbricoides. During quality control, very low rates of false-positive results were observed; 0.35% (n¿=¿5) for T. trichiura and 0.28% (n¿=¿4) for A. lumbricoides. False-negative readings of Kato-Katz thick smears were obtained in 28 (1.94%) and 6 (0.42%) instances for T. trichiura and A. lumbricoides, respectively. A high frequency of discordant results in FECs was observed (i.e. 10.0-23.9% for T. trichiura, and 9.0-11.4% for A. lumbricoides).ConclusionsOur analyses show that the rate of false-positive diagnoses of soil-transmitted helminths is low. As the probability of false-positive results increases after examination of multiple stool samples from a single individual, the potential influence of false-positive results on epidemiological studies and anthelminthic drug efficacy studies should be determined. Existing WHO guidelines for quality control might be overambitious and might have to be revised, specifically with regard to handling disagreements in FECs
How long can stool samples be fixed for an accurate diagnosis of soil-transmitted helminth infection using mini-FLOTAC?
Get PDFKato-Katz is a widely used method for the diagnosis of soil-transmitted helminth infection. Fecal samples cannot be preserved, and hence, should be processed on the day of collection and examined under a microscope within 60 min of slide preparation. Mini-FLOTAC is a technique that allows examining fixed fecal samples. We assessed the performance of Mini-FLOTAC using formalin-fixed stool samples compared to Kato-Katz and determined the dynamics of prevalence and intensity estimates of soil-transmitted helminth infection over a 31-day time period.; The study was carried out in late 2013 on Pemba Island, Tanzania. Forty-one children were enrolled and stool samples were subjected on the day of collection to a single Kato-Katz thick smear and Mini-FLOTAC examination; 12 aliquots of stool were fixed in 5% formalin and subsequently examined by Mini-FLOTAC up to 31 days after collection.; The combined results from Kato-Katz and Mini-FLOTAC revealed that 100% of children were positive for Trichuris trichiura, 85% for Ascaris lumbricoides, and 54% for hookworm. Kato-Katz and Mini-FLOTAC techniques found similar prevalence estimates for A. lumbricoides (85% versus 76%), T. trichiura (98% versus 100%), and hookworm (42% versus 51%). The mean eggs per gram of stool (EPG) according to Kato-Katz and Mini-FLOTAC was 12,075 and 11,679 for A. lumbricoides, 1,074 and 1,592 for T. trichiura, and 255 and 220 for hookworm, respectively. The mean EPG from day 1 to 31 of fixation was stable for A. lumbricoides and T. trichiura, but gradually declined for hookworm, starting at day 15. The findings of our study suggest that for a qualitative diagnosis of soil-transmitted helminth infection, stool samples can be fixed in 5% formalin for at least 30 days. However, for an accurate quantitative diagnosis of hookworm, we suggest a limit of 15 days of preservation. Our results have direct implication for integrating soil-transmitted helminthiasis into transmission assessment surveys for lymphatic filariasis
Teoria quase-linear de Kato e a KdV transicional
Get PDFDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina. Centro de Ciências Físicas e Matemáticas.Neste trabalho desenvolvemos a teoria linear e quase-linear de T. Kato e fazemos uma aplicação à equação de Korteweg-de Vries transicional (t-KdV), mostramos que o problema de Cauchy associado a esta equação tem solução única local nos espaços de Sobolev usuais
TORIC KATO MANIFOLDS
Get PDFWe introduce and study a special class of Kato manifolds, which we call toric Kato manifolds. Their construction stems from toric geometry, as their universal covers are open subsets of toric algebraic varieties of non-finite type. This generalizes previous constructions of Tsuchihashi and Oda, and in complex dimension 2, retrieves the properly blown-up Inoue surfaces. We study the topological and analytical properties of toric Kato manifolds and link certain invariants to natural combinatorial data coming from the toric construction. Moreover, we produce families of flat degenerations of any toric Kato manifold, which serve as an essential tool in computing their Hodge numbers. In the last part, we study the Hermitian geometry of Kato manifolds. We give a characterization result for the existence of locally conformally Kahler metrics on any Kato manifold. Finally, we prove that no Kato manifold carries balanced metrics and that a large class of toric Kato manifolds of complex dimension ? 3 do not support pluriclosed metrics
Eupilaria japonica Kato, sp. nov.
No full textEupilaria japonica Kato, sp. nov. (Figs 6A–D, F–J, 7, 10C) Diagnosis. Dark greyish species with unpatterned wing except stigma (Figs 6A–B). Presutural area of mesonotum with three dark markings. Scutal lobe with large and weakly dark area on outer anterior part. Wing dark brownish tinged. Legs mainly ocherous to dark brown, occasionally paler on basal tarsomeres. Abdomen brown to dark brown. Male tergite 9 with central part of caudal margin bearing two pairs of lobes, inner pair about twice as long and wide as outer one. Clasper of gonostylus hooked at tip. Lateral process of aedeagal sheath very long, gradually curved ventrally toward tip; distal part wider than basal part, with small point at anterior margin near tip. Type material. HOLOTYPE 1 male, JAPAN, Nansei Islands, Iriomote-jima Is, Taketomi-chȏ, Komi, Mairagawa River, alt. 20 m, N24.3221, E123.8998, 15.III.2016, D. Kato (BLKU). PARATYPES: JAPAN:[Nansei Islands] Amami Is: 2 males, Setouchi-chô, Shinokawa, Mt. Eboshi-yama, N28.231, E129.302, 4.X.2013, D. Kato (BLKU); Tokunoshima Is: 3 males 1 female, Tokunoshima-chȏ, Kedoku, Mt. Minada-yama, N27.81, E128.94, 30.IX.2013, D. Kato (BLKU); 1 female, Tokunoshima-chȏ, Todoroki, near Mt. Sasontsuji-dake, alt. 200 m, N27.8392, E128.9407, 2.IV.2019, D. Kato (BLKU); Okinawa Is: 3 males 2 females, Kunigami-son, Yona, Mt. Fuenchiji-dake, alt. 300 m, N26.7487, E128.2423, 21. V.2016, D. Kato (BLKU); 23 males 8 females, same data as previous except alt. 310 m, 29. V.2022, L.-P. Kolcsár (CKLP); 10 males 1 female, Kunigami-son, Hentona, near Yonaha trail, alt. 300 m, N26.7288, E128.2122, 28. V.2022, L.-P. Kolcsár (CKLP); Ishigaki Is: 2 males, Hirae, trailhead of Mt. Omoto-dake, alt. 180 m, N24.4177, E124.1886, 27.IX.2013, D. Kato (BLKU); 2 males, Hirae, south of Nagura Dam, alt. 80 m, N24.4052, E124.1810, 27.IX.2013, D. Kato (BLKU); 4 males, Ishigaki, Mt. Banna-dake, alt. 100 m, N24.3690, E124.1607, 13. V.2016, D. Kato (BLKU); 1 male, Miyara, Mt. Omoto-dake, alt. 110 m, N24.4382, E124.2097, 26.IX.2013, D. Kato (BLKU); 3 males, same data as previous except 27.IX.2013; Iriomote Is: 3 males, same data as holotype; 1 male, same data as holotype except 17. V.2016; 1 male, same data as holotype except 7.VIII.2016; 3 males, Haeminaka, alt. 30 m, N24.297, E123.870, 13.III.2016, D. Kato (BLKU); 1 male, same data as previous except alt. 170–230 m, 19. V.2016; 4 males, same data as previous except alt. 150–220 m, 6.VIII.2016. Description. Male. Head. Brownish grey, more brownish ventrally, sparsely covered with short black setae. Vertex often narrowly light grey at anterior and lateral margins, with indistinctly dark oval area on medial part; narrowest part about three times as wide as scape. Antenna brownish grey, 1.5–2 times as long as head. Scape cylindrical, about three times as long as wide. Pedicel globular, about as long as wide, as wide as scape, half length of scape. Flagellum 14-segmented. Flagellomeres globular, as long as or slightly longer than wide on basal segments; distal segments slender, about four times as long as wide on apical segment; verticils on flagellomeres black, longest on distal segments and about four times as long as segment; basal 5–6 flagellomeres covered with whitish pubescence ventrally, shorter than each segment. Rostrum short, about 2/3 length of scape. Palpus short, dark brown, 4-segmented; palpomere 2 and 3 longest; palpomere 3 widest. Labellum dark brown. Thorax. Generally grey to brownish grey, sparsely covered with short pale setae. Postpronotum lighter grey, sometimes lateral part yellowish. Presutural area of mesonotum with broad central stripe and pair of oval spots; middle stripe weakly constricted at level of prescutal pit, running from anterior end of mesonotum and ending slightly before transverse suture; in anterodorsal view, middle stripe divided by narrow grey line except anterior part; lateral oval spot situated on posterior 1/3 of presutural area of mesonotum, slightly shorter than half length of middle stripe; prescutal pit black, bacilliform, sometimes weakly curved; tuberculate pit distinct, situated about five times length of itself posterior to anterior end of mesonotum. Scutal lobe with weakly dark, large marking on outer anterior corner to center, sometime yellowish at outer posterior corner. Scutellum often more brownish than other parts of mesonotum. Mediotergite sometimes bearing ill-defined, longitudinal dark stripe at middle. Pleuron ocherous grey to dark brownish grey, often variegated with dark brownish grey and ocherous; ventral 2/3 of anepisternum and ventral 1/3 of katepisternum darker in lateral view; dorsopleural membrane dusky yellow. Wing (Fig. 6C) tinged with dark brown, stigma slightly darker and oval. Sc ending beyond fork of Rs. Crossvein Sc-r situated about 3–6 times length of itself proximal to tip of Sc. R 3 sinuous, usually 1/3 to 1/4 length of R 4; tip reaching at C. R 4 and R 5 weakly curved posteriorly on distal part. Cell m 1+2 1.5–3 times as long as cell dm. Crossvein m-cu situated between anterior end and middle of cell dm. Legs mainly ocherous to dark brown, mainly covered with brown to dark brown setae. Coxae and trochanters pale yellow to ocherous; fore coxa dark on basal 1/3 to 1/2. Femora with basal parts gradually pale toward bases. Tibiae narrowly dark at tips in specimens from Amami, Tokunoshima, and Okinawa Is (Fig. 6A). Tarsi in specimens from Amami, Tokunoshima, and Okinawa Is. with basal 3–4 segments dusky yellow, each tip narrowly and weakly dark; hind tarsomere 1 sometimes whitish; setae on these segments pale yellow (Fig. 6B). Claw simple, about half length of tarsomere 5, strongly curved near middle. Halter about twice as long as mediotergite, dark brown; basal 1/4 of stem yellowish. Abdomen. Brown to dark brown, covered with short brown setae. Tergite 1 often grayish; tergite 7 with densely setulose area laterally. Sternites sometimes yellowish. Male terminalia (Fig. 6D) with tergite 9 roundly produced at caudal margin; central part of caudal margin with two pairs of lobes, inner pair about twice as long and wide as outer one, tongue-shaped; outer pair more triangular. Sternite 9 straight at caudal margin. Gonocoxite about as long as tergite 9, slightly broad on basal part; dorsomedial part with small tubercle at basal 1/3. Clasper of gonostylus (Fig. 6F) flat rod-shaped, about as long as lobe of gonostylus; distal 1/6 narrowed and curved into hook; tip rounded and directed dorsally. Lobe of gonostylus (Fig. 6G) tongue-shaped, about 2.5 times as wide as clasper of gonostylus. Interbase (Figs 6H–I) with mesal-apical lobe slender rod-shaped, obtuse at tip, about as long as reminder of interbase; basal part fused into round fin-like lobe. Lateral process of aedeagal sheath very long, flat rod-shaped, directed posteriorly at base, gradually curved ventrally toward tip; distal part wider than basal part; tip strongly narrowed and pointed, with small point at anterior margin near tip (Fig. 6J); medial part of apical end weakly desclerotized. Aedeagus cylindrical in lateral view; tip directed posteroventrally, situated anterior to tip of interbase. Female. Generally resembling male. Claw shorter, 1/3 length of tarsomere 5. Female terminalia (Figs 7A–B). Mainly dark brown. Tergite 8 narrow medially. Tergite 9 about as narrow as medial part of tergite 8, slightly wider on lateral part. Tergite 10 about 1.5 times as long as wide and six times as long as tergite 9. Cercus amber color, 1.3 times as long as tergite 10, weakly upcurved toward tip. Sternite 8 (Fig. 7C) squarish, slightly wider than long. Hypogynial valve amber color, ocherous on basal part, dark at dorsal margin of basal part, twice as long as sternite 8, slightly wider than basal part of cercus in lateral view; tip ending at level of basal 1/2 of cercus. Sternite 9 (Fig. 7D) long rod-shaped, posterior 1/5 forked. Sternite 10 roughly rectangular, about twice as wide as long; posterior margin with small lobe at middle; anterior margin indistinct. Measurements. Male (n = 33): body length 4.6–8.0 mm, wing length 5.3–8.7 mm. Female (n = 5): body length 6.6–8.9 mm, wing length 5.7–7.8 mm. Etymology. This species is named after Japan. The specific name is a feminine adjective in nominative singular. Distribution. Japan (Nansei Islands: Amami, Tokunoshima, Okinawa, Ishigaki, and Iriomote Is) (Fig. 10C). Remarks. This species is similar to an Indian species, E. varaha Alexander, 1956, but is differentiated from it by the following characters: mesonotum grey to brownish grey with dark central stripe and paired pots (brownish black in E. varaha); tergite 9 of male terminalia with outer pair of lobe small, about 1/3 length of inner pair (Fig. 6D) (2/3 length of inner pair in E. varaha (Fig. 6E)); lateral process of aedeagal sheath with distal part wider than basal part, bearing subapical small point at anterior margin, medial part of apical end weakly desclerotized (Fig.6J) (distal part not wide, gradually narrow to tip in E. varaha (Fig. 6K)).Published as part of Kato, Daichi, 2022, Four genera of Limoniidae (Diptera) new to Japan with descriptions of new species, pp. 401-418 in Zootaxa 5168 (4) on pages 410-413, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5168.4.1, http://zenodo.org/record/690277
Accuracy of the Kato-Katz method and formalin-ether concentration technique for the diagnosis of Clonorchis sinensis, and implication for assessing drug efficacy
Get PDFBackground: Clonorchiasis is a chronic neglected disease caused by a liver fluke, Clonorchis sinensis. Chemotherapy is the mainstay of control and treatment efficacy is usually determined by microscopic examination of fecal samples. We assessed the diagnostic accuracy of the Kato-Katz method and the formalin-ether concentration technique (FECT) for C. sinensis diagnosis, and studied the effect of diagnostic approach on drug efficacy evaluation.
Methods: Overall, 74 individuals aged ≥18 years with a parasitological confirmed C. sinensis infection at baseline were re-examined 3 weeks after treatment. Before and after treatment, two stool samples were obtained from each participant and each sample was subjected to triplicate Kato-Katz thick smears and a single FECT examination.
Results: Thirty-eight individuals were still positive for C. sinensis according to our diagnostic ‘gold’ standard (six Kato-Katz thick smears plus two FECT). Two FECT had a significantly lower sensitivity than six Kato-Katz thick smears (44.7% versus 92.1%; p <0.001). Examination of single Kato-Katz and single FECT considerably overestimated cure rates.
Conclusions: In settings where molecular diagnostic assays are absent, multiple Kato-Katz thick smears should be examined for an accurate diagnosis of C. sinensis infection and for assessing drug efficacy against this liver fluke infection
Comparison of Kato-Katz, ethyl-acetate sedimentation, and Midi Parasep® in the diagnosis of hookworm, Ascaris and Trichuris infections in the context of an evaluation of rural sanitation in India.
Get PDFThe Kato-Katz, conventional ethyl-acetate sedimentation, and Midi Parasep(®) methods for diagnosing infection with soil-transmitted helminths were compared. The Kato-Katz technique gave the best overall diagnostic performance with the highest results in all measures (prevalence, faecal egg count, sensitivity) followed by the conventional ethyl-acetate and then the Midi Parasep(®) technique. The Kato-Katz technique showed a significantly higher faecal egg count and sensitivity for both hookworm and Trichuris as compared to the Midi Parasep(®) technique. The conventional ethyl-acetate technique produced smaller pellets and showed lower pellet mobility as compared to the Midi Parasep(®)
Protohelius japonicus Kato, sp. nov.
No full textProtohelius japonicus Kato, sp. nov. (Figs 8A–E, G–H, 9, 10D) Diagnosis. Ocherous to brownish species with unpatterned wing except stigma (Fig. 8A). Vertex at narrowest point 1.5 times as wide as scape. Presutural area of mesonotum with three dark stripes. Scutal lobe and mediotergite mainly dark brown. Legs generally yellowish. Cell m 1+2 2–3 times as long as cell dm. Abdomen weakly dark toward distal segment, yellowish on basal sternites. Lobe of gonostylus with outer lobe not distinctly wide on distal part, inner lobe 3/5 length of outer one. Type material. HOLOTYPE male, JAPAN, Nansei Islands, Ishigaki Is., Ishigaki-shi, Hirae, trailhead of Mt. Omoto-dake, alt. 180 m, N24.4177, E124.1886, 27.IX.2013, D. Kato (BLKU). PARATYPES: JAPAN: [Nansei Islands] Ishigaki Is.: 1 female, Tonoshiro, Omoto-Minanushinokami, alt. 100 m, N24.4127, E124.1766, 26.IX.2013, D. Kato (BLKU); 1 female, same data as holotype; 2 males 2 females, Miyara, Mt. Omoto-dake, alt. 110 m, N24.4382, E124.2097, 26.IX.2013, D. Kato (BLKU); 2 males 1 female, same data as previous except 27.IX.2013; Iriomote Is.: 1 male, Haeminaka, alt. 170–220 m, N24.2988, E123.8644, 19. V.2016, D. Kato (BLKU). Description. Male. Head. Pale ocherous to grayish ocherous, covered with yellow and dark brown setae; posterior part sometimes more yellowish. Vertex at narrowest point 1.5 times as wide as scape. Antenna dark brown, about three times as long as head; basal two segment ocherous. Scape cylindrical, about twice as long as wide. Pedicel globular, about as long as wide, about as wide as scape and half length of scape. Flagellum 14-segmented. Flagellomere cylindrical, slightly and gradually narrowed toward apical segment; flagellomere 1 about three times as long as wide; apical segment distinctly short and roundish, about 1/5 to 1/3 length of penultimate one. Verticils on flagellomeres almost same length in whole segments, at most as long as each segment except apical one. Flagellomeres 1 to 13 covered with whitish pubescences, about 1/4 to 1/2 length of verticil. Rostrum short, about 2/3 length of scape. Palpus 5- segmented, brown to dark brown; palpomere 2 widest; palpomeres 4 and 5 longest. Labellum dark brown. Thorax. Sparsely covered with short yellow setae. Pronotum dark brown, yellowish on postpronotum. Presutural area of mesonotum yellowish ocherous to dark ocherous, more brownish medially, bearing three darker stripes; median stripe almost same width in whole length, extending from anterior end of mesonotum and ending slightly before transverse suture, sometimes split by capillary paler line on posterior part; lateral stripe about half length and width of middle stripe, situated posterior to level of prescutal pit and reaching at transverse suture. Scutal lobe dark brown, lateral margin and interspace between scutal lobes pale ocherous to ocherous. Scutellum pale ocherous to grayish ocherous. Mediotergite dark brown, yellowish at anterior corner. Pleuron yellow to ocherous; dorsal part sometimes indistinctly darker. Dorsopleural membrane yellow. Prescutal and tuberculate pits absent. Wing (Fig. 8B) tinged with brown, stigma weakly dark, short oval. Sc ending between level of fork of Rs to crossvein r-m. Crossvein Sc-r situated 4–6 times length of itself proximal to tip of Sc. Cell dm 2–2.5 times as long as wide. Cell m 1+2 2–3 times as long as cell dm. Crossvein m-cu situated at basal 1/8–1/3 of cell dm. Legs pale yellow to yellowish ocherous, covered with yellow setae on coxae and trochanters and mainly with brown setae on succeeding segments. Base of fore coxa and distal segments of tarsi darkened. Claw half length of tarsomere 5, strongly curved, with small tooth at base. Halter dark brown; stem passing into yellowish ocherous to base. Abdomen. Brown, weakly darker toward distal segment; basal sternites yellowish. Tergites each often weakly and narrowly dark at lateral and caudal margins. Male terminalia (Fig. 8C) brown, ocherous on gonocoxite. Tergite 9 weakly concaved medially. Sternite 9 (Fig. 8D) produced posteriorly, interrupted at middle of caudal margin by deep V-shaped notch. Gonocoxite simple, slightly longer than tergite 9. Clasper of gonostylus (Fig. 8E) roughly sickle-shaped, wide on basal half, curved near middle; distal half narrow rod-shaped, obtuse at tip; inner margin near base of narrow distal part with triangular lobe. Lobe of gonostylus slightly longer than outer gonostylus, forked near middle; outer lobe longer and curved near base, rounded and not distinctly wide at tip; inner one 3/5 length of outer lobe. Interbase (Figs 8G–H) fused medially to form long and arched bridge. Lateral process of aedeagal sheath narrow distally, long triangular in lateral view; basal parts fused medially to form bridge ventral to aedeagus. Aedeagus short, rod-shaped, ending far before tip of lateral process of aedeagal sheath. Female. Generally resembling male. Claw shorter, 1/3 length of tarsomere 5, without small tooth at base. Female terminalia (Figs 9 A–B). Yellow to ocherous, with longitudinal dark stripe on tergite 10. Tergite 8 strongly concaved at middle of posterior margin. Tergite 9 about half width of tergite 8 in lateral view, with very large U-shaped notch at middle of posterior margin. Tergite 10 about 2.3 times as long as wide, narrow on basal 1/3 and distal 1/5. Cercus amber color, slightly shorter than tergite 10, weakly upcurved toward tip. Sternite 8 (Fig. 9C) squarish, slightly longer than wide. Hypogynial valve amber color, about twice as long as sternite 8, about twice wider than cercus in lateral view; tip ending near level of middle of cercus. Sternite 9 (Fig. 9D) with anterior part flat rod-shaped, rounded at tip; lateral side with curved arm directed posteriorly, widened on distal part, rounded at tip; posterior part Y-shaped, broader posteriorly on posterior stalk part, truncated at posterior end. Sternite 10 (Fig. 9E) roughly V-shaped, wide on middle of each side, arched on outer lateral margin. Measurements. Male (n = 6): body length 5.3–6.8 mm, wing length 6.2–7.7 mm. Female (n = 5): body length 8.1–8.6 mm, wing length 7.3–7.8 mm. Etymology. This species is named after Japan. The specific name is a neuter adjective in nominative singular. Distribution. Japan (Nansei Islands). Remarks. This species is similar to a Chinese species, P. tinkhami Alexander, 1938, but is differentiated from it by the following character: anterior vertex narrower than twice width of scape (wider than twice width of scape in P. tinkhami); presutural area of mesonotum and scutal lobes marked with dark brown (unmarked in P. tinkhami); lobe of gonostylus with inner lobe 3/5 length of outer one (Fig. 8E) (half length of outer lobe in P. tinkhami (Fig. 8F)).Published as part of Kato, Daichi, 2022, Four genera of Limoniidae (Diptera) new to Japan with descriptions of new species, pp. 401-418 in Zootaxa 5168 (4) on pages 414-416, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5168.4.1, http://zenodo.org/record/690277
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