19 research outputs found
Properties of Lignin from Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch and Its Application for Plywood Adhesive
Get PDFLignin from lignocellulosic biomass is a potential biopolymer for wood adhesive. The aims of this study were to characterize lignin isolated from the black liquor of oil palm empty fruit bunch fiber pretreated with steam explosion in alkaline conditions and to examine the bond quality of aqueous polymer isocyanate (API) adhesive prepared from lignin, natural rubber latex (NRL), and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) as base polymers with isocyanate crosslinkers. Lignin was precipitated from the black liquor by adding hydrochloric acid; then the precipitate was separated by filtration, thoroughly washed with water up to pH 2 and pH 5, and dried. The isolated lignin was characterized by ultimate analysis, UV spectroscopy, FT-IR spectroscopy, and thermal analysis. Three-layer plywood samples were prepared, and the bond strengths of the plywood samples were determined in dry conditions and after cyclic boiling. The lignin isolates with different pH values did not have significantly different chemical and thermal properties. Both lignin isolates had similar C, H, and O contents, identical functional groups in the FTIR spectra, similar absorption in the UV spectra, and high decomposition temperatures. The base polymers composition that could produce API adhesive for exterior applications was NRL/PVA/lignin (4/4/2). The use of more lignin in the adhesive formulation decreased the bond strength of the plywood
Microwave Treatment on Two Fast Growing Trees Species for Bioethanol Production
No full textThe objectives of this research were to analyze chemical component and to evaluate the effect of micro wave treatment on the bioethanol production of “balik angin daun kecil” and “balik angin daun sedang” woods. Woods were milled to the size of 40-60 mesh and followed by measuring their chemical component. Glycerol and 0.5% sulphuric acid were added to the woods with the ratio of 10:1 and 20:1, respectively and then irradiated to the micro waves for 2.5-10 min. with power 50 and 70%. The pulp was hydrolyzed with cellulose for 48 H and reducing sugar yield was obtained. The results indicated that hollocellulose and alpha cellulose of “balik angin daun kecil” wood was higher than that of “balik angin daun sedang” wood. Conversely, lignin content of “balik angin daun kecil” wood was lower than that of “balik angin daun sedang” wood. The highest reducing sugar yield of balik angin daun kecil and balik angin daun sedang woods were 21.00% and 22.40%, respectively and they were obtained on irradiated to microwaves for 5 min at 70% power.Key words: balik angin, bioethanol, chemical component, enzymatic hydrolysis, microwav
Kewenangan Bawaslu Kabupaten Indragiri Hulu Dalam Menyelesaikan Pelanggaran Pemilihan Kepala Daerah Serentak Tahun 2020
No full textThe 2020 Indragiri Hulu Regency Regional Head Election found several violations, from criminal election violations such as money politics, administrative violations such as the issue of ASN neutrality, ethical violations such as violations committed by the District Supervisory Committee which were ultimately dismissed to other violations. Violations of regional head elections in Indragiri Hulu Regency still occur even though they have been regulated in the Regional Election Law and derivative regulations such as KPU Regulations and Bawaslu Regulations. The aim of this research is to find out the duties and authority of the Indragiri Hulu Regency Election Supervisory Body in resolving violations in the 2020 Simultaneous Regional Elections and what obstacles they face. In this research, the author uses sociological or empirical research or field research. The samples in this research were 1 member of Bawaslu, 1 person of both KPU, 1 person of Indragiri Hulu Police, 1 member of the prosecutor's office, and 1 person who reported the violation. Based on the research results, the conclusions were obtained: 1) The implementation of the duties and authority of the Indragiri Hulu Regency Election Supervisory Body in resolving violations in the 2020 Simultaneous Regional Head Elections did not go well. In the Simultaneous Regional Elections in Indragiri Hulu Regency in 2020 there were 28 types of violations, consisting of 18 findings including 10 types of administrative violations, 1 ethical violation, 8 criminal violations, and 3 other legal violations, then there were 5 reports which were included in the type of criminal violations. The violations that often occur are ethical violations, administrative violations, ASN neutrality violations. The duties of Bawaslu of Indragiri Hulu Regency include supervising, accepting nominations, determining candidates, implementing campaigns, managing campaign funds, distributing election logistics, conducting voting, counting votes, preventing the practice of money politics, and evaluating election implementation. The authority of Bawaslu in Indragiri Hulu district includes receiving and following up on reports relating to election violations, examining, reviewing, recommending and requesting necessary information from related parties. 2) Based on the data obtained, there were 27 types of violations, 18 types of violations were followed up for resolution, 5 were the number of violations that were stopped, and 10 were the number of violations that were recommended and followed up. The resolution of violation cases was stopped because it was not a serious violation and the sanctions given were also relatively light, namely only in the form of verbal and moral warnings. Obstacles and obstacles for Bawaslu in resolving violations, namely the time in handling the violation process, include the very short handling time, namely 14 days in one case, the lack of evidence that the violation is a criminal violation, and other obstacles are that it does not conflict with serious laws or is only classified as a criminal offense. discipline and moral issues
SAKARIFIKASI SERAT TANDAN KOSONG DAN PELEPAH KELAPA SAWIT SETELAH PRETREATMENT MENGGUNAKAN KULTUR CAMPURAN JAMUR PELAPUK PUTIH Phanerochaete chrysosporium dan Trametes versicolor
No full textPenggunaan kultur campuran jamur pelapuk putih pada proses pretreatment bahan lignoselulosa belum banyak diteliti. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mempelajari pengaruh penggunaan kultur Phanerochaete chrysosporium dan Trametes versicolor pada proses pretreatment serat tandan kosong dan pelepah kelapa sawit terhadap hasil sakarifikasinya. Inokulum P. Chrysosporium dan T. versicolor dituangkan ke dalam sampel substrat serat tandan kosong dan pelepah kelapa sawit (40-60 mesh) yang telah disterilkan, masing-masing sebanyak 5% (w/v), sehingga total inokulum yang ditambahkan ke dalam kedua macam substrat masing-masing 10% (w/v). Sampel diinkubasikan pada suhu ±27°C selama 4 minggu. Sebagian dari contoh diambil dan lalu diperiksa setelah masa inkubasi 1, 2, 3, dan 4 minggu. Sakarifikasi dilakukan menggunakan enzim selulase sebanyak 20 FPU per g biomassa dan β-glukosidase dalam shaking waterbath pada suhu 50°C selama 48 jam. Analisis gula pereduksi, glukosa dan xilosa dilakukan terhadap hasil sakarifikasi. Rendemen gula pereduksi, konsentrasi glukosa dan xilosa tertinggi dari tandan kosong kelapa sawit. diperoleh dari sakarifikasi serat dengan pretreatment selama 4 minggu, yaitu masing-masing 13,08%, 0,86 mg/g dan 0,13 mg/g, sedangkan rendemen gula pereduksi, konsentrasi glukosa dan xilosa tertinggi dari pelepah kelapa sawit didapatkan dari sakarifikasi substrat dengan pretreatment selama 2 minggu, yaitu masing-masing 8,98%, 0,92 mg/g dan 0,23 mg/g
SAKARIFIKASI SERAT TANDAN KOSONG DAN PELEPAH KELAPA SAWIT SETELAH PRETREATMENT MENGGUNAKAN KULTUR CAMPURAN JAMUR PELAPUK PUTIH Phanerochaete chrysosporium dan Trametes versicolor
No full textThere are only a few studies conducted on the use of co-culture of white-rot fungi for pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass. The aim of this research is to study the effects of biological pretreatment of oil palm empty fruit bunch (OPEFB) and oil palm frond (OPF) fiber using co-culture of two white-rot fungi, namely Phanerochaete chrysosporium and Trametes versicolor, on the results of the enzymatic saccharification of such biomass. The representative samples of OPEFB and OPF fibers (40-60 mesh in sizes) after being sterilized, each as much as 5% (w/v), were inoculated with the co-cultures of the two fungi and incubated at ±27°C for 4 weeks. The samples were taken partially and then examined after 1, 2, 3, and 4 weeks of incubation. Saccharification process using cellulase and β-glucosidase was performed in a water bath shaker at 50°C for 48 hours. Reducing sugar, glucose and xylose content were analyzed. The highest reducing sugar yield, glucose and xylose concentrations from the saccharification on OPEFB, as much as consecutively 13.08%, 0.86 mg/g and 0.13 mg/g, were obtained after pretreatment for 4 weeks; while likewise those for OPF corresponding to 8.98%, 0.92 mg/g and 0.23 mg/g, respectively, were obtained after 2-week pretreatment
FIBER DISRUPTION OF BETUNG BAMBOO (Dendrocalamus asper) BY COMBINED FUNGAL AND MICROWAVE PRETREATMENT
No full textCombined microwave pretreatment is an effective method to modify carbohydrate and lignin structures of fungal and lignocellulosic materials, thereby improving the hydrolysis process for bioethanol conversion. This study aimed to evaluate the structural changes in carbohydrate and lignin components of betung bamboo following a combined biological–microwave pretreatment. Based on previous findings, a 30-day incubation using 5% and 10% (w/v) inoculum loading of the white-rot fungus Trametes versicolor—which showed the highest delignification selectivity—was selected as the fungal pretreatment. Microwave irradiation was then applied for 5, 10, and 12.5 minutes at 330 W. Characterization of structural changes was conducted using FTIR spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). FTIR analysis revealed that the combined pretreatment affected only the intensity of absorption bands without altering the functional groups. A decline in peak intensity occurred at 1,736 cm⁻¹ (C=O in xylan), 1,373 cm⁻¹ (C–H deformation in cellulose and hemicellulose), 1,165 cm⁻¹ (C–O–C vibration in cellulose and hemicellulose), and 895 cm⁻¹ (β-glycosidic linkage in cellulose). The pretreatment reduced hydrogen bonding in cellulose and weakened lignin–carbohydrate linkages associated with bamboo cellulose crystallinity. A slight increase in crystallinity index was observed due to cleavage of the amorphous fraction. SEM imaging confirmed the disruption of fiber structure, showing increasing degradation with longer microwave exposure durations
CENTRAL KALIMANTAN'S FAST GROWING SPECIES: SUITABILITY FOR PULP AND PAPER
No full textRecent studies of fast growing species grown in PT. Sari Bumi Kusuma, Central Kalimantan, show that based on their fiber dimensions there are five species, namely Endospermum diadenum, Dillenia spp., Adinandra dumosa, Adiandra sp., and Nauclea junghuhnii with good potential for pulp and paper production. The fiber length of those five wood species are was more than 2,200 µm on average. This paper studies the physical properties, fiber dimensions and their chemical contents to predict the paper and pulp quality. The result shows that all of the species were classified in the medium to high density category. All species were classified into the first class quality for pulp and paper. Based on chemical contents, Dillenia sp. is the most suitable species due to its high value of holocellulose and a-cellulose, low lignin content, and its fiber length is about 3,119 µm on average. A. dumosa also has good opportunities because it had the longest fiber lengths (3,137 µm on average) and high value of holocellulose, even though it has the highest lignin content. While Nuclea junghuhnii is less suitable due to low values of holocellulose and a-cellulose
Perjanjian Pra-Nikah dalam Perspektif Hukum Islam dan Hukum Postif di Indonesia (Studi Kasus KUA Kecamatan Banjarsari Kota Surakarta)
Get PDFThis study aims to determine the Pre-Marriage Agreement in the Perspective of Islamic Law and Positive Law in Indonesia (KUA Case Study in Banjarsari District, Surakarta City) and the benefits of the contents of the pre-marital agreement for prospective couples in realizing a confident family. The method used by the author is empirical research with the nature of descriptive research. The research location is KUA Banjarsari, Surakarta City. The author uses primary and secondary data sources. The method of collecting data in this study uses the method of collecting literature, observations and interviews. Based on the results of research and discussion, it can be concluded that the Pre-Marriage Agreement in the Perspective of Islamic Law and Postive Law in Indonesia (KUA Case Study of Banjarsari Subdistrict, Surakarta City) there are only two couples who make a prenuptial agreement, the agreement in the form of a copy of the deed made by a notary and has been approved by the marriage registrar. The contents of the agreement regulate the distribution of assets before and after marriage, which includes husband's obligations, distribution of assets during a divorce, child care, establishing a business, polygamy and domestic violence, distribution of inheritance. In the perspective of Islamic law the entire agreement is a condition that does not deviate from Islamic Law. So that the parties involved in the agreement are legally obliged to fulfill the requirements. While in terms of Marriage Law in Indonesia, the agreement is in accordance with Law No. 1 of 1974 concerning Marriage and Compilation of Islamic Law. The agreement also has valid legal force, which is recorded by a notarial deed and legalized by the marriage registrar
Optimization of Microwave-Assisted Oxalic Acid Pretreatment of Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch for Production of Fermentable Sugars
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