196 research outputs found
JAV ir ES nedarbo lygio rodiklių palyginimas
No full textUnemployment indicators in a two world’s largest economies play a very important role for policymakers, researches and the market participants. During the last decade substantial progress has been made in the area of harmonizing of the unemployment indicators in the EU and the US, however some methodological differences still remain making the unemployment levels not fully comparable. The purpose of this article is to review the progress made in area of harmonization and identify how the remaining methodological differences affect the official levels of unemployment Based on the data of the year 2000 unemployment surveys in the US and the EU author comes to a conclusion that the differences are minor, but not negligible. If calculated on the base of the US conception the EU unemployment levels would be lower by 0.1–0.7 percentage points for a different countries and by 0.4 percentage points for the whole EU area. This indicates that further progress in the area of harmonization would be beneficial for a greater comparability of unemployment level indicators. As of today some adjustments could be helpful for a better data comparability.Šio darbo tikslas – nustatyti, kokią įtaką JAV ir ES nedarbo indikatorių koncepcinės skirtybės turi oficialiam nedarbo lygiui.Straipsnyje apžvelgiama Tarptautinės darbo tarnybos (TDT) nedarbo apibrėžimo interpretacija JAV ir ES lyginamosiose programose bei šioje srityje pasiekta pažanga; aptariami darbo jėgos ir bedarbio kategorijų ypatumai ir esminės koncepcinės skirtybės; nagrinėjama, kokius ES duomenų koregavimus atlieka JAV Darbo statistikos biuras (DSB). Remiantis JAV DSB duomenimis, kiekybiškai įvertinama metodologinių skirtybių įtaka nedarbui, reziumuojami tyrimo rezultatai ir pateikiamos išvados.Straipsnis parašytas JAV DSB atliekamų JAV ir ES nedarbo indikatorių lyginamosios analizės pagrindu.Autorė dėkinga JAV DSB Tarptautinio darbo statistikos centro direktorei p. E.A. Taylor už suteiktą galimybę detaliai susipažinti su biuro veikla ir naudingų susitikimų su biuro specialistais organizavimą bei visam DSB kolektyvui, geranoriškai pasidalijusiam savo darbo patirtimi ir rezultatais
Lietuvių fortepijoninė kultūra JAV
No full textProfesionali lietuvių fortepijono mokykla JAV gyvuoja jau daugelį dešimtmečių, tačiau šis tyrinėjimo objektas vis dar aktualus. Lietuvių pianistų veikla minima periodinėje spaudoje, neretai pasiklystama smulkių faktų gausoje, trūksta apibendrinančių studijų, leidžiančių suvokti bendrąsias fortepijono kultūros raidos tendencijas, atskirų atlikėjų veiklos aptarimo visuminiame muzikos istorijos kontekste. Šiame straipsnyje susisteminama pirminė archyvinė medžiaga, nagrinėjama lietuvių išeivių fortepijoninė kultūra JAV: aptariamas fortepijono menas, analizuojamos koncertinio gyvenimo tradicijos, iškilių pianistų koncertinė veikla, apibendrinama fortepijono pedagogika, pažymimas pianistų įnašas į bendrąją egzodo muzikinės kultūros plėtrą. Lietuvių fortepijoninė kultūra JAV aptariama išskiriant kelis svarbesnius raidos etapus, sutampančius su tam tikrais istoriniais pokyčiais, kurie lėmė mažesnę ar didesnę tautos emigraciją. Šiuose istoriniuose tarpsniuose ryškėjo atlikimo meno ir pedagogikos plėtojimosi kryptys, suklestėjo iškilių menininkų veikla, stimuliavusi tolimesnę kultūros raidą. Didžiausias dėmesys skiriamas Lietuvos fortepijono kultūros plėtrai po Antrojo pasaulinio karo, kai į JAV emigravo ryškiausi menininkai. Tyrinėjant egzodo fortepijoninės kultūros tradicijas, pedagogikos ypatumus, remiamasi muzikologine literatūra, archyvinių duomenų, išeivijos periodinės spaudos analize, gyvų istorijos liudytojų, pedagogų bei jų auklėtinių pasakojimais, taip pat ir muzikos įrašais, saugomais J. Žilevičiaus ir J. Kreivėno muzikologijos archyve Čikagoje Reikšminiai žodžiai: Fotepijoninė kultūra; Lietuvių išeivija; Koncertai; Kompozitoriai; Fortepijono pedagogai; RepertuarasThe piano culture of Lithuanian emigrants, which has long been known to us only from episodic events, unfolds more and more and integrated into the common process of the national music art development. Intensive examination of the emigrants’ creative heritage stored in the archives has stimulated publications of notes, concert performance of manuscript opuses and analysis of the creative work of renowned artists. Many prominent pianists began their careers in Lithuania, improved their skills in exile camp in Western Europe and reached their artistic maturity already overseas. Some of them worked as accompanists and piano teachers, while others, who had better living and working conditions, appeared in concerts as soloists and chamber musicians. The Lithuanian piano school has been functioning in the USA for many decades, nevertheless, it has never been properly inquired into and discussed. The thesis is the first attempt to investigate into the problems of the sphere. By applying the historical analytical method, the author attempts to reveal the principle of piano culture variations, concert activities and repertoire of known artists. To this effect, records are analysed and concerts and other activities are discussed
JAV lietuvių tautininkų propagandinės literatūros leidyba 1942–1944 m.: Oweno J. C. Noremo knyga Timeless Lithuania
No full textOn the grounds of archival sources and the Lithuanian mass media in the USA at the times, the efforts of the Lithuanian Nationalist Union in 1942–1944 to publish in the USA the book Timeless Lithuania by Owen J. C. Norem, the last American Envoy Extraordinary in Lithuania (1937–1940) as a propaganda instrument are investigated. The research has determined why specifically this book was selected for publication. First of all, it was given preference because of the respectful attitude of Norem towards the history of Lithuania, along with his personal experiences in witnessing the sufferings experienced by the neighboring countries and the consequences of the Soviet occupation for the Lithuanian nation. Besides, the American Lithuanian diaspora was seeking to involve the author of the book into their political activity. The preparation of the book for publication and the process of publishing revealed the organizational and financial difficulties experienced by the activists as well as the issues encountered in preparing the book for publication. The problems were resolved not only by the leaders of the Union for the Liberation of Lithuania, run by the Lithuanian Nationalist Union, but also by Prof. Kazys Pakštas, Antanas Smetona and Lithuanian diplomats in the USA who were also involved in the process. The book played an important role in reviving the Lithuanian diaspora in the USA and seeking attention from the political establishment of the USA. The key source of the research is the correspondence among Lithuanian Nationalists residing in the USA, the author of the book, Antanas Smetona and Lithuanian diplomats; this source has not been used in previous academic research.Straipsnyje, remiantis archyviniais šaltiniais ir to meto JAV lietuvių spauda, aptariamos JAV lietuvių tautininkų pastangos 1942–1944 m. propagandos tikslais publikuoti buvusio paskutinio JAV pasiuntinio Lietuvoje (1937–1940) Oweno J. C. Noremo knygą Timeless Lithuania (Amžinoji Lietuva). Tyrimas padėjo išaiškinti, kodėl būtent ši knyga buvo pasirinkta publikuoti. Pirmiausia tai lėmė Noremo pagarbus požiūris į Lietuvos istoriją, asmeninės patirtys matant kaimyninių valstybių skriaudas ir sovietinės okupacijos padarinius lietuvių tautai. Be to, knygos autorių JAV lietuviai siekė įtraukti į savo politinę veiklą. Knygos parengimas leidybai ir leidybos procesas atskleidė organizacinius, finansinius ir pačios knygos ruošimo spaudai sunkumus, kuriuos sprendė ne tik tautininkų Lietuvai vaduoti sąjungos vadovybė, bet ir į tą procesą įtraukti prof. Kazys Pakštas, Antanas Smetona bei Lietuvos diplomatai JAV. Knyga suvaidino vaidmenį aktyvinant lietuvių išeiviją, šviečiant JAV visuomenės dalį, siekiant JAV politinių sluoksnių dėmesio. Pagrindinis tyrimo šaltinis – susirašinėjimas tarp JAV lietuvių tautininkų, knygos autoriaus, Antano Smetonos ir Lietuvos diplomatų, kuris nėra naudotas ankstesniuose moksliniuose tyrimuose
Vandentiekio privatizavimas JAV miestuose.
No full textWhy do cities privatise? The top two reasons that the governments privatise are an internal effort to reduce costs (about 90% of the respondents) and external fiscal pressures (about 53%). In other words, governments privatise to save money. An identified infrastructure decay is another important reason; municipalities needed costly new or rehabilitated infrastructure and thus entered into public-private partnerships. Privatisation did provide the expected cost saving. This article describes some basic principles that guided the privatisation/competition effort: the key is competition - privatisation is only one of the possible outcomes; competition will be public and open to all qualified contestants; cross-functional evaluation terms will evaluate competitive responses; as far as practical, current employees will be encouraged to compete; accurate costaccounting information is needed to compare proposals; when in doubt about possible savings, let the marketplace speak; contracts have to contain performance standards and provide economic incentives for good performance. Also, they should be managed effectively. The author describes the practice of water supply privatisation contracts in the USA municipalities. This experience is extremely valuable for other countries.Straipsnyje aptariami JAV miestuose vykdomos vandentiekio privatizacijos klausimai bei apžvelgiama kelių miestų, kurie šiai privatizacijai skyrė prioritetą, patirtis. Netobulas miesto vandentiekio sistemos privatizavimas suteikia galimybę pasimokyti – o jei ir nėra iš ko mokytis, tai bent jau galima pamatyti, ko neverta daryti privatizacijos procese. Daugiau nei 40 procentų visų JAV geriamojo vandens sistemų priklauso privačioms paslaugų įmonėms. Pastaraisiais metais visų savivaldybėms priklausančių sistemų privatizacija, sudarant sutartis, išaugo apie 60 procentų, Savivaldybių atlikti tyrimai parodė, kad valstybės tarnautojai griebiasi privatizacijos, susidarius fiskalinei krizei arba paaiškėjus, jog privatizacija buvo naudinga kitoms jurisdikcijoms, nes nori sumažinti išlaidas ir pritraukti privataus kapitalo investicijų
A structural design comparison of metallic and composite aircraft pressure retaining doors
No full textThe pressure retaining door is obviously a sensible part of an aircraft, and the design criteria is much more critical than for the fuselage, so a problem caused by this critical criteria is the heavy weight of the door structure because it should be strong enough to withstand loads and stiff enough to meet the sealing requirements.
In spite of the pressure retaining door being so important, it is difficult to find design references. So, in this thesis, the pressure retaining door is investigated first, and then a typical structure of a type A door is selected as the study case using both metallic and composite material, in order to generate a standard method for door structure design, and to identify the key factors which can affect the structure weight.
The study indicates that the structure weight of a type A door can be kept in a range for different combinations of beams and stringers, and the composite door structure can be 20% lighter than the metallic door while the stiffness of the two doors remains similar. It is found that the skin contributes much more weight to the door structure than other components and the skin thickness is affected by the short edge of the skin panel divided by beams and stringers.
The results also found that it is much more serious when the end stop fails than when the middle stops fail.
Therefore, it appears that the composite door is a good material as an alternative to aluminium. Also the method of door structure design is reasonable for the composite door, although it would be better to consider the stiffness of beams while in the theory design period.
Besides IRP, the Group Design Project (GDP) is another important part of the MSc study; it lasts nearly half a year and we complete the Fly-wing concept design. The main contribution of the author to the GDP is the arrangement of doors, and also includes the family issues, cabin layout arrangement and a 3D model construct, which can be seen in APPENDIX B. According to the GDP work, I will have broadened my professional knowledge and will have an overall view of aircraft design
Teisė, taikytina sutartinėms prievolėms: Lietuvos Respublikos ir JAV kolizinės teisės lyginamoji analizė
No full textThis article deals with the specific provisions of the new Civil Code of the Republic of Lithuania that establish the rules used in order to determine the law applicable to contractual obligations (Article 1.37). The purpose of the article – to show the origins of the private international law rules established in the Lithuanian Civil Code and by employing the comparative analysis method to explain their content and meaning. Special emphasis is made to those provisions, which determine the law applicable to the contractual obligations, when the contracting parties failed to choose such law by themselves. By referring to the writings of the world-known legal scholars, author analyzes Lithuanian private international law rules and compares them with the relevant provisions under the American choice of law. Having in mind the unlike legal traditions in Lithuania and in the United States, the existing differences and similarities of various legal concepts are also explained. The great majority of Lithuanian private international law rules are taken from the Rome Convention On the Law Applicable to the Contractual Obligations as of 19 June 1980, therefore this Convention, where relevant, is also analyzed. It is expected that this article will be helpful in understanding the private international law rules under the Lithuanian Civil Code, which are both new and rather complicated.Straipsnyje detaliai analizuojamos naujojo Lietuvos Respublikos civilinio kodekso nuostatos, reguliuojančios teisės, taikytinos sutartinėms prievolėms, nustatymo tvarką (1.37 str.). Straipsnio tikslas – atskleisti Civiliniame kodekse įtvirtintų tarptautinės privatinės teisės normų prigimtį, taip pat remiantis lyginamąja analize išaiškinti šių normų turinį ir prasmę. Daugiausia dėmesio kreipiama į kolizinės teisės normas, nustatančias sutartinėms prievolėms taikytiną teisę, kai pačios sutarties šalys dėl tokios teisės nesusitaria. Remiantis įvairia pasaulyje žinomų teisės mokslininkų literatūra, straipsnyje lyginamos naujajame Civiliniame kodekse įtvirtintos taisyklės su atitinkamomis JAV kolizinės teisės nuostatomis. Atsižvelgiant į Lietuvoje ir JAV egzistuojančias nevienodas teisės tradicijas bei jų priklausomumą skirtingoms teisinėms sistemoms, paaiškinami ir nagrinėjamoms teisės koncepcijoms būdingi panašumai bei skirtumai. Dauguma Civiliniame kodekse įtvirtintų kolizinės teisės normų buvo paimtos iš 1980 m. birželio 19 d. Romos konvencijos „Dėl sutartinėms prievolėms taikytinos teisės“, todėl kartu yra analizuojamos ir atitinkamos šios konvencijos nuostatos. Tikimasi, jog tai padės geriau suvokti Civiliniame kodekse įtvirtintas taisykles, kurios yra naujos ir kartu gana sudėtingos
Data from: Senescence in the city: exploring ageing patterns of a long‐lived raptor across an urban gradient
No full textIn many vertebrates, productivity and survival usually increase with age and then start to decline above a certain age; processes known as reproductive and actuarial senescence. Senescence is widely believed to be driven by the accumulation of somatic damage or mutations. Thus, levels of such cellular damage, and therefore senescence could, in theory, differ between different habitats if they experience different stressors. Urban environments expose animals to a wide range of stressors that pose a challenge to physiological systems and might accelerate the ageing process. We studied productivity and survival of Black Sparrowhawks across an urban gradient in Cape Town, South Africa. We hypothesise that productivity and survival will first increase with age, but that productivity and survival will then decline above a certain age, due to senescence. Furthermore, we hypothesise that rates of senescence will be accelerated in more urban areas. We used 17 years of data from colour-ringed individuals. We found no indication of any improvement in productivity with age in early-life, but we did detect reproductive senescence, with productivity declining above 6 years of age. However, contrary to our predictions, there were no differences in reproductive senescence along the urban gradient. Similarly, we found that survival rates of adults did not show any strong improvement with age in early life, but decreased with age amongst older birds, providing support for actuarial senescence. However, once again no differences in this pattern were apparent along the urban gradient. This study represents one of the first to examine differences in senescence rates in different habitats. Our results suggest that for this urban adapted species, senescence patterns do not vary according to levels of urbanisation. Whether this pattern holds for species more sensitive to urbanisation remains worthy of exploration.Excel table with 4 sheets: i) first sheet contains all raw data needed to model age dependent productivity; ii) second sheet contains the according legend/data description; iii) third sheet contains all raw data needed to model apparent survival and encounter probability; and, iv) fourth sheet contains according legend/data description.Data from: Sumasgutner, P. , Koeslag, A. and Amar, A. (2019), Senescence in the city: exploring ageing patterns of a long‐lived raptor across an urban gradient. J Avian Biol. Accepted Author Manuscript. doi:10.1111/jav.0224
Katar Rromano Dombipen ʒi ka Jav Dikh
No full textThe Author begins with taking note of the phenomenon of the first Roma Pavilion at the Venice Biennale (2007) and the preceding exhibition in Budapest: First National Exhibition of Self-taught Roma Artists (1979). These events serve as a background to her essay about the beginning of the Roma artist movement in Poland. The Author writes about Romani Art movement in Poland, initiated in 2007 by Małgorzata Mirga-Tas, which consisted of herself, Bogumiła Delimata and Krzysztof Gil, and about the directions taken by the artists in the following years. Author of the articlepresents one by one artistic activities of Romani Art movement, especially those of Małgorzata Mirga-Tas. It turns out, that the present Roma artist movement in Poland is not only an artistic phenomenon, but a manifestation of the newly born, contextual, modern identity of young Roma elite
Diet and birdsong : short-term nutritional enrichment improves songs of adult Bengalese finch males
No full textSong is a notable sexual signal of birds, and serves as an honest indicator of male quality. Condition dependence of birdsong has been well examined from the viewpoint of the developmental stress hypothesis, which posits that complex songs assure fitness because learned acoustic features of songs are especially susceptible to early-life stress that young birds experience in song learning periods. The effect of early stress on song phenotypes should be crucial, especially in age-limited song learners which sing stereotyped songs throughout life. However, little attention has been paid to non-learned song features that can change plastically even in adulthood of age-limited song-learners. Although it has been shown that food availability affects song rate in wild songbirds, there is limited evidence of the link between favorable nutritional conditions and song phenotypes other than song rate. Under the prediction that singing behavior reflects an individual's recent life history, we kept adult Bengalese finch males under high-nutrition or normal diet for a short term, and examined changes in body mass and songs. We found that birds on a high-nutrition diet showed higher song output (e.g. song rate and length) compared with those of the control group, while changes in body mass were moderate. In addition, note repertoire became more consistent and temporal structures got faster in both nutrition and control groups, which indicates that songs were subject to other factors than nutrition. Considering that female estrildid finches, including Bengalese and zebra finches, show a preference toward complex songs as well as longer songs and higher song rate, it is plausible that different aspects of singing behavior signal different male qualities, and provide multifaceted clues to females that choose mates
Age-dependent song changes in a closed-ended vocal learner: elevation of song performance after song crystallization
No full textBirdsong is a sexual signal that serves as an indicator of male quality. There is already abundant evidence that song elaboration reflects early life-history because early developmental stress affects neural development of song control systems, and leaves irreversible adverse effects on song phenotypes. Especially in closed-ended vocal learners, song features crystallized early in life are less subject to changes in adulthood. This is why less attention has been paid to lifelong song changes in closed-ended learners. However, in the eyes of female birds that gain benefits from choosing mates based on male songs, not only past but also current conditions encoded in songs would be meaningful, given that even crystallized songs in closed-ended learners would not be identical in the long term. In this study, we examine within-individual song changes in the Java sparrow Lonchura oryzivora, with the aim of shedding light on the relationship between song and long-term life history. Specifically, we compared song length, tempo, and song complexity measures between the point just after song crystallization and around 1 yr later, and also compared those traits between fathers and sons to clarify the effect of vocal learning. While it is not surprising that song complexity did not differ depending on age or between fathers and sons, we found that song length and tempo increased with age. Follow-up analyses have revealed that frequency bandwidth and peak frequency of song notes also elevated with age. Our results show that song performance related to motor skills can be improved even after song crystallization. We also suggest that song performance in closed-ended vocal learners gives a reliable clue for mate choice by reflecting male quality with aging
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