1,721,065 research outputs found
Néolibéralisme et gouvernance des systèmes européens : quelles formulations des questions d’inégalités sociales et scolaires ?
No full textThe analysis of youth participation in contemporary literature: a European perspective
No full textToday in Europe, the participation of young people in the decision-making process appears crucial to public authorities for a number of reasons. The crisis of trust and confidence towards traditional forms of representation (as shown both by the growth of abstention but also by the change or even the disengagement from the classical forms of associative and union mobilization), the growth of individualisation, the building of more varied and uncertain biographical trajectories, the appearance of an unsettled and weakened sense of belonging to the national and local communities, these factors encourage public authorities to rally specifically round the young generations. However, the participation of young people remains an ambivalent political concern. References to participation can be interpreted as a key concept for an understanding of social integration in modern and late modern societies in which the actions and choices of the individuals – in their role as citizens – play an essential role in terms of influence, involvement and active citizenship it. According to the White Paper, ‘Young people want the right to give their opinion on all aspects of their daily lives, such as family, school, work, group activities, their local area, etc. However, in doing so, they are also involved in broader economic, social and political issues.’ (European Commission, 2001, p 24) This quotation reflects the awareness of a change in the way social integration has become politically institutionalised in terms of a citizenship status; from members of society based on formally assigned rights and responsibilities towards a diversification of involvement possibilities and influence in late modern societies. One may also speak of an individualisation of governance. Consequently, participation in the White Paper is defined as ‘Ensuring young people are consulted and more involved in the decisions which concern them and, in general, the life of their communities.’ (European Commission, 2001, p 8)
This volume aims at investigating the meaning and the forms, the extent and conditionality of young people’s active citizenship. What conditions are imposed on young people’s citizenship? How are young people treated in a society that promotes citizenship in this sense?
The varied definitions of participation and the implications of differing forms of participation will therefore require exploration. Thus, the issue of participation itself represents an intellectual challenge, particularly in relation to the multiplicity of meanings this concept has acquired at regional, national and European levels. As Percy-Smith and Thomas underline in the introduction of their Handbook of Children and Young People’s Participation (2010), the concept of participation is still ‘in search of definition’, therefore, a core objective of this book is to analyse the relationships and tensions between institutionalised and newly emerging forms of participation.
This becomes more important as, even on the European policy level, we find not only different but contradicting statements on the relevance and meaning of participation. On the one hand, the 2001 White Paper to some extent accepts that participation means to accept social change towards new and unknown forms of society – which implies accepting uncertainty: ‘We are expecting them [young people] to create new forms of social relations, different ways of expressing solidarity or of coping with differences and finding enrichment in them, while new uncertainties appear.’ (European Commission, 2001, p 4)
On the other hand, in the follow-up process of the White Paper and especially in the framework of the European Youth Pact, participation is much more related to the existing societal structures and institutions.
The question of participation also represents a political challenge. If young people do not behave as active citizens in these areas, it damages the political legitimacy of these institutions (Giddens, 199..
Governance and disadvantage: institutional, opportunity structures at local level
No full textInternational audienc
Youth Participation in Europe, Beyond discourses, practices and realities
No full textIn a period where social unrest coincides with young people’s dissatisfaction with formal political involvement, and the diversification of protest movements across the globe, the question of youth participation is at the forefront of democratic societies.
The book offers examines official and unofficial constructions of participation by young people in a range of socio-political domains, exploring the motivations and rationales underlying official attempts to increase participation among young people, and offering a critique of their effectiveness. Based on the EU project UP2YOUTH, Youth - Actor of social change (FP6, 2006-2009, Youth participation in Europe provides a thorough analysis of participation initiatives at the implementation level and gives a transversal approach to various areas of youth participation
Students and Parents as Actors of the Educational Governance
No full textThe chapter draws on the results of empirical studies in eight European countries: Finland, France, Germany, Italy, Netherlands, Poland, Slovenia and the United Kingdom (England and Northern Ireland), carried out under the EU-funded GOETE project. It focuses on how the governance of educational trajectories affects the educational experiences and life courses of the young people in the eight countries, in particular analysing the role of parents and students in the processes and consequences of transitions. In the context of the redistribution of power induced by the processes of governance, the question of parents and students’ participation is paramount. Are these actors concerned by the reforms and in which way? Are they considered as citizens or as users? The chapter discusses to which extent these actors beneficiate from a legitimacy that permits them to participate in the decision process, in the regulation and in the delivery of services
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Youth Participation in the framework of the reformulation of local youth policy in Italy
No full textWhen focussing on concepts such as youth, participation and local policies in Italy, some key aspects need to be underlined in order to provide a common conceptual framework.
The first aspect relates to the problem of defining youth and the related expressions of ‘youth policies’ and ‘youth participation’. Italian literature has recently adopted the term young adult to denote people between the ages of 30 and 34; nevertheless a young adult can be female, male, student, professional, unemployed, single, married, a parent, live with parents and so forth. At policy level the intrinsic differentiation characterising ‘planet youth’ is still based on the traditional distinction among ‘children’, ‘adolescents’ and ‘youth’, that implies both different disciplines and different professional skills and policy fields.
The second aspect is related to the structure of the Italian welfare system, characterized since the very beginning of the republican period through two core interrelated features that influence the entire policy scenario: the breadwinner model, on the one side, and on the other side the weak stateness of the social protection regime, traditionally centred on the individual-family couple (Sgritta, 2005b). According to Saraceno and Keck (2010), familism relies on a permanent trust on the family, on its intergenerational solidarity and on its gender structure as provider of work and assistance. This model makes the social chances of mobility and autonomy of young people dependant on the labour market position of the breadwinner, the social status of enlarged family and the socio-economic context of birth and life.
The third aspect refers to territorial dimension and consequential policy scaling. In Italy there is a high percentage of towns with less than 5,000 inhabitants, representing about 70% out of 8,000 urban areas and home to approximately 17% of the total population. It has to be stressed that in referring to this territorial dimension, young people’s conditions concern mainly but not only cities (in Italy about 45% of the population lives in highly urbanized towns). Beyond the traditional North-South educational, labour market and social participation divide, ongoing factors of differentiation affecting urban/rural, industrial/agricultural, mountain/coast dimensions confirm the importance of socio-economic context and ‘local societies’.
Moving from this contextual framework, three main questions inform our reflections: 1) what forms of participation and intervention opportunities are offered to youth in a country characterised by a deeply focussed familialistic welfare regime; 2) to what extent do youth participation policies counteract the influence of this familialistic structure? And, in particular 3), to what extent does the local dimension hold the capacity and resources to combat and reduce the inequalities inherent to this dimension?
In particular, in the first paragraph we present the analysis of the ambiguous relationship, existing in Italy between youth, participation and politics. In the second paragraph we propose a critical excursus of Italian local youth policies, which are currently attempting to overcome the compensative approach of the Seventies and the Eighties in favour of proactive and participatory methods. In the third paragraph we analyze individual youth participation within the context of a familistic grounding of social policy. We conclude highlighting the large hiatus still existing between the rhetoric of the institutional principles and the real praxis of the Italian youth policies, which very often continue to be limited to cultural practices, neglecting the need for a redistributive approach
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
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