920,043 research outputs found
THE EMPATHIC VALUE OF EMOTIONAL PROSODY: DOES THE WAY YOU EXPRESS FEELINGS SHAPE BOTH NEURAL EMPATHIC REACTIONS TRIGGERED BY CONCOMITANT FACIAL EXPRESSIONS AND LANGUAGE CONTENT? AN ERP STUDY
No full textReading others' emotions: Evidence from event-related potentials
No full textThis Thesis aimed at investigating, by using the event-related potentials (ERPs) technique, some relevant aspects involved in human ability to read others’ emotions and in empathizing with others’ affective states. Social and affective neuroscience has largely studied faces and facial expressions since they represent relevant “pieces of information” in guiding individuals during interaction. Their importance is strictly related to the fact that they provide unique information about identity, gender, age, trustworthiness, and attractiveness, but they also convey emotions.
In Chapter 1, I have introduced the reader to the contents of this Thesis, in particular the ability to “read” others’ facial expressions and to empathize with others’ affective states.
In Chapter 2, I have offered an overview of knowledge available today on how humans process faces in general and facial expressions in particular. I have proposed a theoretical excursus starting from Bruce and Young’s cognitive model (1986) to a recent simulative model of recognition of emotional facial expressions by Wood and colleagues (2016), which considers facial mimicry helpful in discriminating between subtle emotions.
In Chapter 3 and 4, I have presented two different studies (Experiments 1 and 2, respectively) strongly related to each other, since they aimed both at testing a functional link between the visual system and facial mimicry/sensorimotor simulation during the processing of facial expressions of emotions. I have described two different studies in which ERPs, by virtue of its high temporal resolution, allowed to track the time-course of the hypothesized influence of mimicry/simulation on the stages of visual analysis of facial expressions. The aim of Experiment 1 was to explore the potential connection between facial mimicry and the early stage of the construction of visual percepts of facial expressions; while the Experiment 2 investigated whether and how facial mimicry could
interact with later stages of visual processing focusing on the construction of visual working memory representations of facial expressions of emotions, by also monitoring whether this process could depend on the degree of the observers’ empathy. For both studies, the results strongly suggest that mimicry may influence early and later stages of visual processing of faces and facial expressions.
In the second part of my Thesis, I introduced the reader to the construct of empathy, dealing with its multifaceted nature and the role of different factors in the modulation of an empathic response, especially to others’ pain (Chapter 5).
In Chapter 6 and 7, I have discussed two ERP studies (Experiments 3 and 4a) with one behavioral study included as a control study (Experiment 4b) to investigate the empathic reaction to others’ pain as a function of different variables that could play a role in daily life. Experiment 3 investigated the role of prosodic information in neural empathic responses to others’ pain. Results from this study demonstrated that prosodic information can enhance human ability to share others’ pain by acting transversely on the two main empathy components, the experience sharing and the mentalizing. The aim of Experiment 4a was to study whether the physical distance between an observer and an individual in a particular affective state, induced by a painful stimulation, is a critical factor in modulating the magnitude of an empathic neural reaction in the observer. Thus, by manipulating the perceived physical distance of face stimuli, I observed a moderating effect on empathic ERP reactions as a function of the perceived physical distance of faces. Results of Experiment 4b clarified that the critical factor triggering differential empathic reactions in the two groups in Experiment 4a was not related to the likelihood of identifying the faces of the two sizes but to the perceived physical distance.
Finally, in Chapter 8, a general discussion highlights the main findings presented in this Thesis, by also providing future suggestions to extend the research on this topics debated in the previous Chapters
Variations on the Author
No full text“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Intra-individual behavioural and neural signatures of audience effects and interactions in a mirror-game paradigm
No full textWe often perform actions while observed by others, yet the behavioural and neural signatures of audience effects remain understudied. Performing actions while being observed has been shown to result in more emphasized movements in musicians and dancers, as well as during communicative actions. Here, we investigate the behavioural and neural mechanisms of observed actions in relation to individual actions in isolation and interactive joint actions. Movement kinematics and EEG were recorded in 42 participants (21 pairs) during a mirror-game paradigm, while participants produced improvised movements alone, while observed by a partner, or by synchronizing movements with the partner. Participants produced largest movements when being observed, and observed actors and dyads in interaction produced slower and less variable movements in contrast with acting alone. On a neural level, we observed increased mu suppression during interaction, as well as to a lesser extent during observed actions, relative to individual actions. Moreover, we observed increased widespread functional brain connectivity during observed actions relative to both individual and interactive actions, suggesting increased intra-individual monitoring and action-perception integration as a result of audience effects. These results suggest that observed actors take observers into account in their action plans by increasing self-monitoring; on a behavioural level, observed actions are similar to emergent interactive actions, characterized by slower and more predictable movements
Neural empathic reactions to pain and touch are reduced by physical barriers between two individuals
No full textBackground- Empathy might be shaped by socio-affective relationships between individuals, such that neural empathic reactions are magnified for affectively close others compared to strangers. In one of our previous investigation, we demonstrated that empathy may be also modulated by the physical distance between individuals. It is still to be understood the underlying mechanism through which manipulating the physical distance may interfere with empathic responses. One such possible mechanism refers to the notion of ‘interaction space’, the shared reaching space of two individuals. Within this framework, the sharing of affective states might be sensitive to the physical distance between individuals. Methods - The goal of the present experiment was to investigate whether interfering with the ‘interaction space’ could modulate ERP empathic reactions to both pain and touch. Participants were exposed to faces stimulated by either a needle or a Q-tip under both one condition in which they seated in front of the screen (no-plexiglass condition) and a second critical condition in which a plexiglass was interposed between them and the screen (plexiglass condition). We expected reduced neural responses to both pain and touch in the plexiglass condition when compared to the no-plexiglass condition as a result of the interference with the interaction space
“Mind the plexiglass” - An invisible barrier is enough to reduce neural empathic responses to pain and touch
No full textEmpathy might be shaped by socio-affective relationships between individuals, such that neural empathic reactions are magnified for affectively close others compared to strangers. In a recent investigation, we demonstrated that the perceived physical distance between actors could shape people’s empathic reactions towards a person in pain. However, the underlying mechanism through which manipulating the physical distance may interfere with empathic responses it is still to be understood. One such possible mechanism refers to the notion of ‘interaction space’, the shared reaching space of two individuals. Within this framework, the sharing of affective states might be sensitive to the physical distance between individuals. This study aimed investigating, by using the ERP technique, whether the neural empathic reactions for observed faces, either gently touched or painfully stimulated, perceived within the interaction space could be modulated by the presence of a transparent physical barrier, which prevents the possibility to interact with the partner, without altering neither the quality nor the low-level characteristic of the observed stimuli. We designed an ERP study in which participants were exposed to faces stimulated by either a needle or a Q-tip under both one condition in which they directly seated in front of the screen (no- plexiglass condition) and a second critical condition in which a transparent plexiglass was interposed between them and the screen (plexiglass condition). We expected to observe a moderating effect on ERP empathic reactions as a function of the presence of the barrier, such that when participants were under “plexiglass condition”, they would show a lower magnitude of the neural empathic reactions. Further, given the plexiglass prevents the possibility of reaching the other person, we hypothesized that the plexiglass barrier would have impacted on the empathic reactions, regardless of the type of stimulation observed. Results confirmed our hypothesis showing that the presence of a physical barrier decreased the ERP amplitude, suggesting a reduction of the observer’s neural emphatic reaction
Out of sight out of mind: Perceived physical distance between the observer and someone in pain shapes observer's neural empathic reactions
No full textSocial and affective relations may shape empathy to others' affective states. Previous studies also revealed that people tend to form very different mental representations of stimuli on the basis of their physical distance. In this regard, embodied cognition and embodied simulation propose that different physical distances between individuals activate different interpersonal processing modes, such that close physical distance tends to activate the interpersonal processing mode typical of socially and affectively close relationships. In Experiment 1, two groups of participants were administered a pain decision task involving upright and inverted face stimuli painfully or neutrally stimulated, and we monitored their neural empathic reactions by means of event-related potentials (ERPs) technique. Crucially, participants were presented with face stimuli of one of two possible sizes in order to manipulate retinal size and perceived physical distance, roughly corresponding to the close and far portions of social distance. ERPs modulations compatible with an empathic reaction were observed only for the group exposed to face stimuli appearing to be at a close social distance from the participants. This reaction was absent in the group exposed to smaller stimuli corresponding to face stimuli observed from a far social distance. In Experiment 2, one different group of participants was engaged in a match-to-sample task involving the two-size upright face stimuli of Experiment 1 to test whether the modulation of neural empathic reaction observed in Experiment 1 could be ascribable to differences in the ability to identify faces of the two different sizes. Results suggested that face stimuli of the two sizes could be equally identifiable. In line with the Construal Level and Embodied Simulation theoretical frameworks, we conclude that perceived physical distance may shape empathy as well as social and affective distance
Biophysics of endocytic vesicle formation: A focus on liquid-liquid phase separation
No full textEndocytosis is a fine-tuned mechanism of cellular communication through which cells internalize molecules on the plasma membrane, such as receptors and their bound ligands. Through receptor clustering in endocytic pits, recruitment of active receptors to different endocytic routes and their trafficking towards different fates, endocytosis modulates cell signaling and ultimately leads to a variety of biological responses. Many studies have focused their attention on specialized endocytic mechanisms depending on the nature of the internalizing cargo and cellular context, distinct sets of coat proteins, endocytic adaptors and membrane lipids. Here, we review recent advances in our understanding of the principles underlying endocytic vesicle formation, integrating both biochemical and biophysical factors, with a particular focus on intrinsically disordered regions (IDRs) creating weakly interconnected protein networks assembled through liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) and driving membrane bending especially in clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME). We finally discuss how these properties impinge on receptor fate and signaling
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
No full textWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Altering sensorimotor simulation impacts early stages of facial expression processing depending on individual differences in alexithymic traits
No full textSimulation models of facial expressions suggest that posterior visual areas and brain areas underpinning sensorimotor simulations might interact to improve facial expression processing. According to these models, facial mimicry, a manifestation of sensorimotor simulation, may contribute to the visual processing of facial expressions by influencing early stages. The aim of this study was to assess whether and how sensorimotor simulation influences early stages of face processing, also investigating its relationship with alexithymic traits given that previous studies have suggested that individuals with high levels of alexithymic traits (vs. individuals with low levels of alexithymic traits) tend to use sensorimotor simulation to a lesser extent. We monitored P1 and N170 ERP components of the event-related potentials (ERP) in participants performing a fine discrimination task of facial expressions and animals, as a control condition. In half of the experiment, participants could freely use their facial mimicry whereas in the other half they had their facial mimicry blocked by a gel. Our results revealed that only individuals with lower compared to high alexithymic traits showed a larger modulation of the P1 amplitude as a function of the mimicry manipulation selectively for facial expressions (but not for animals), while we did not observe any modulation of the N170. Given the null results at the behavioural level, we interpreted the P1 modulation as compensative visual processing in individuals with low levels of alexithymia under conditions of interference on the sensorimotor processing, providing a preliminary evidence in favor of sensorimotor simulation models
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