Centro Universitário Farias Brito: FB UNI Portal de Periódicos
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Investigating the Role of Executive Resources across Aesthetic and Non-Aesthetic Judgments
No full textAesthetic judgments dominate much of daily life by guiding how we evaluate objects, people, and experiences in our environment. One key question that remains unanswered is the extent to which more specialised or largely general cognitive resources support aesthetic judgments. To investigate this question in the context of executive resources, we examined the extent to which a central working memory load produces similar or different reaction time interference on aesthetic compared to non-aesthetic judgments. Across three pre-registered experiments that used Bayesian multi-level modelling approaches (N>100 per experiment), we found clear evidence that a central working memory load produces similar reaction time interference on aesthetic judgments relative to non-aesthetic (motion) judgments. We also showed that this similarity in processing across aesthetic versus non-aesthetic judgments holds across variations in the form of art (people vs landscape; Exps. 1-3), medium type (artwork vs photographs; Exp. 2) and load content (art images vs letters; Exps. 1-3). These findings suggest that across a range of experimental contexts, as well as different processing streams in working memory (e.g., visual vs verbal), aesthetic and motion judgments commonly rely on a domain-general executive system, rather than a system that is more specifically tied to aesthetic judgments. In doing so, these findings shine new light on the cognitive architecture that supports aesthetic judgments, as well as how domain-general executive systems operate more generally in cognition
Psychedelic Science of Spirituality and Religion: An Attachment-Informed Agenda Proposal
No full textThis article has been accepted for publication in The International Journal for the Psychology of Religion - https://doi.org/10.1080/10508619.2022.2148061
In this paper, we set an agenda for a psychedelic science of spirituality and religion, based on a synthesis of attachment theory with the Relaxed Beliefs Under pSychedelics (REBUS) model. Attachment theory proposes that people develop internal working models (IWMs) of interactions with others from their relational experiences with caregivers. Such IWMs then function as high-level priors enabling people, for better and for worse, to predict and organize their interpersonal and religious/spiritual relationships. One mechanism by which efficacious psychedelic interventions may work is by relaxing the grip of rigid, defensive priors (e.g., insecure IWMs with regard to others and God), further amplified by corrective relational experiences with the therapist, God, or others. We outline three key proposals to steer future research. First, individual differences in attachment security predict the phenomenology and integration of psychedelic experiences. Second, efficacious psychedelic therapy facilitates increased attachment security as a clinically relevant outcome. Third, attachment-related dynamics (e.g., a sense of connection to others and God, alleviation of attachment-related worries and defenses) are process-level mechanisms involved in the clinical utility of psychedelic treatment. Finally, we discuss the role of religion and spirituality in psychedelic experiences from an attachment perspective
Cultural invariance in musical communication (for CogSci 2022 Proceedings)
No full textDespite the variability of music worldwide, some types of human songs share basic acoustic characteristics. For example, dance songs tend to be loud and rhythmic, whereas lullabies tend to be quiet and melodious. Prior studies with western English-speaking participants have shown that this enables listeners to infer aspects of a singer’s behaviour, despite being unfamiliar with the singer’s culture and language. Here, we test whether these intuitions are shared across a diversity of languages and human societies, with 5,524 people from 49 industrialised countries comprising 28 languages, and 116 people in 3 small-scale societies with limited access to global media. Each made inferences about the behavioural contexts of 118 songs from 86 societies. Both groups reliably identified the behavioural functions of dance songs, lullabies, and healing songs. Linguistic and geographical proximity between listeners and singers was minimally predictive of accuracy, demonstrating a degree of cultural invariance in music perception
Non-Paradoxes of Set Theory and the Diagonal Method
No full textThe requirement for axiomatic set theory rests on the belief that the unrestricted comprehension of sets can result in sets that are paradoxical and therefore unrestricted comprehension needs to be tamed. Some key paradoxes of Burali-Forti, Russell and Cantor are examined and shown not to be paradoxes. Additionally, a common technique known as the diagonal method is shown to never construct a contradictory sequence. Then it is shown that any infinite set can be placed in a bijection with its power set by explicitly constructing a bijection and that the real numbers and natural numbers have the same cardinality. Finally, semantic diagonal techniques are considered with particular reference to Godel's incompleteness theorem and the halting problem
Open-mindedness predicts support for public health measures and disbelief in conspiracy theories during the COVID-19 pandemic
No full textThe COVID-19 pandemic has illustrated the importance of public support for non-pharmaceutical public health interventions and the perils of rampant spread of misinformed and conspiratorial beliefs. Open-minded epistemic attitudes may be associated with adherence to public health recommendations and protect against holding false beliefs. In a large (N = 46 745, 68 countries) global sample collected during the first months of the COVID-19 pandemic we find that a six-item self-report measure of open-mindedness predicts decreased belief in COVID-19 conspiracy theories, increased physical distancing, increased engagement in recommended hygienic behaviors, and increased support for public health policies that aimed at decreasing COVID-19 transmission. In fact, out of seventeen individual difference measures that we examined, open-mindedness proved to be the strongest or among the strongest predictors of rejecting conspiracy beliefs, of supporting physical distancing and public health policies, and of engaging in physical hygiene behaviors. In exploratory analyses of the open-mindedness measure, we found that public health support is associated with a learning oriented factor while conspiratorial beliefs were associated with a threat oriented factor. These results suggest that it will be important to investigate whether open-mindedness can be cultivated or encouraged through educational or other interventions to ensure that public health is protected and that conspiracy theories do not spread
C-H-A-T-G-P-T, Find Out What it Means To Me: ChatGPT, Artificial Intelligence, and the Study of Individual Differences
No full textThis review piece, partially compiled by responses to questions from an artificial intelligence (AI) program, ChatGPT, highlights the advantages of AI and machine learning (ML) in investigating and understanding personality and individual differences. Both AI and ML have been shown to be useful tools in fields such as clinical psychology, psychometrics, personality, emotion research, and cognition. In addition to highlighting the advantages of AI and ML in research, the present review also discusses some of the limitations of these new and developing tools
Reading without eye movements: Improving reading comprehension in young adults with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
No full textImpaired reading comprehension is a common complaint in ADHD that is accompanied by altered eye movement patterns. Here we tested whether minimizing the need for eye movements during reading aids comprehension. We measured reading comprehension in a sample of undergraduate students with and without ADHD using normal text reading with all words fully visible (FULL), PACED reading that preserved text layout with one word at a time appearing at its usual location in the text, and reading with minimal eye movements in which one word at a time appeared in the center of the screen in a rapid serial visual presentation (RSVP). ADHD participants benefited from RSVP by almost 13% relative to neurotypical controls, who showed comprehension difficulties using the RSVP mode. Minimizing eye movement boosted reading comprehension in the ADHD adults. Our results suggest that eye movements can be disruptive to cognitive processes in ADHD. Future work should explore the possibility of RSVP as a reading aid in ADHD
Does working at the third place work? Multi-locational work for engagement, creativity, and well-being
No full textThe COVID-19 pandemic has led to a shift in work locations from the traditional office to geographically different locations. In this context, it is important to consider where to work by taking into account the features of each location, such as an office for work, a home for life, and a "third place" for work, in order to maximize workers' performance and well-being. However, there is a lack of understanding about how such arrangements affect worker outcomes and through what mechanisms, taking into account the features of each location. To address this gap, this study investigates the relationship between the degree of multi-locational work with location features and worker outcomes, including engagement, creativity, and well-being. Using a sample of 2603 survey responses from the Tokyo metropolitan area, the results show that multi-locational work is positively associated with all three outcomes, particularly creativity. This study also finds that non-work activity rate and location feature differences partially mediate the relationship between multi-locational work and creativity, while non-work activity rate partially mediates the relationship between multi-locational work and worker well-being. This study provides insight into the varied pathways behind the associations of multi-locational work and worker outcomes essential for sustainable prosperity
No Coincidence, George: Capacity Limits in Cognitive Processing Reflect the Curse of Generalization
No full textThe striking constraints of some human cognitive processes stand in stark contrast to the near
limitless capability of others. While we can acquire and flexibly use vast amounts of
information, the amount we can process at any one time is often stiflingly limited: for example
the number of items we can hold in working memory or the number of tasks that can be
performed at once. Here, we integrate ideas from information-theory, cognitive science, and
neuroscience to offer a unified account of why processing is often so limited. We argue that
this reflects a fundamental tradeoff between generalization —how effectively existing
representations can be used in novel settings— and how many distinct representations can be
processed in parallel. Representations that best promote strong forms of generalization — a
characteristically human cognitive strength — come at the expense of surprisingly strict limits
in the number of items that can be processed at once, an equally characteristic human
weakness. We refer to this as the “curse of generalization.” We formulate this first in
information-theoretic terms, and then in process models, including a neural network model
of classic tasks used to demonstrate strict limits in human processing capacity. This tension
offers a potential explanation for a range of phenomena — from performance on the tasks on
which we focus, to representational learning and skill acquisition more broadly — as well as the
performance of modern machine learning architectures that exhibit generalization capabilities
comparable to humans
