1,721,272 research outputs found
Security
No full textThe chapter focuses on security in the digital society (security, web and terrorism, national security and Intelligence and privacy and security). In fact the novelty of global risks and most recent forms of security threats lies primarily in their interwoven nature. If on the one hand globalisation is able to enlarge the horizons and scope of technology, business, politics and information, on the other hand it produces information/communication redundancy, precariousness, contamination, terrorism and social insecurity. Although scientific development and technological progress represent an unquestionable opportunity for growth, they still tend to produce «high consequence global risks» (Giddens, 1994: 132), due to their incredible speed that seems to exclude any form of ruling
Socialization
No full textIl contributo analizza il passaggio (Besozzi, 2006) da un modello di socializzazione di carattere trasmissivo e integrazionista, riferito sostanzialmente ad una prospettiva sistemica della società, di cui si assume come autore di riferimento Talcott Parsons (1951,1955), ad un modello comunicativo, che si è sviluppato grazie alla riflessione dell’interazionismo simbolico (Mead, 1966; Blumer, 1969) e della fenomenologia (Schutz, 1979; Berger e Luckman, 1969; Berger, Berger, Kellner, 1973). Nel primo modello la socializzazione si presenta come luogo dell’incontro tra individuo e società, perché rende il primo “adeguato” alla seconda, ossia in grado di rispondere efficacemente alle aspettative di ruolo del sistema: ciò è però possibile soltanto se si presuppone l’esistenza di istanze sociali e culturali condivise che rappresentano il contenuto della socializzazione. La “caduta delle grandi narrazioni” (Lyotard, 1979) ha portato ad un profondo cambiamento dello scenario sociale caratterizzato dalla compresenza di punti di vista anche contraddittori, dunque da ambivalenza e incertezza. Emerge allora l’individuo che non ha più un rapporto di dipendenza rispetto alla struttura sociale, dalla quale riceve attraverso il processo di socializzazione un patrimonio culturale che lo conduce alla costruzione del Self, ma di inter-dipendenza fra individui, gruppi, realtà associative, istituzioni (Giddens, 1999), in cui è l’individuo capace di produzione simbolica che, attraverso le interazioni sociali, costruisce un personale processo di socializzazione (self-socialization) i cui esito è la costruzione di una identità originale.
L’avvento dei media digitali ha ovviamente ampliato e complessificato il panorama delle possibilità di interazione dei soggetti: non più solo in presenza, ma anche attraverso la mediazione di apparati, creando così percorsi di costruzione del Self in cui reale e virtuale interagiscono costantemente.
Il contributo mette infine a fuoco due aspetti legati al processo di socializzazione e costruzione del Self nell’era digitale:
1. Le possibilità offerte dai media elettronici come luogo di ricerca, sperimentazione, apprendimento, confronto. Un esempio da questo punto di vista può essere rappresentato dalle attività di produzione culturale in rete: esse di fatto possono essere considerate come sperimentazione di identità in azione (Weber, Mitchell, 2008) che, attraverso i feedback degli utilizzatori, attraverso l’attivazione di un’attività riflessiva, aiutano il soggetto nel processo di self-socialization (come non sentire l’eco dell’io allo specchio di Cooley, 1902?).
2. La necessità di considerare che l’interazione mediata dai media elettronici avviene all’interno di un contesto sociale che definisce possibilità e limiti sia dell’esperienza che dell’attribuzione di significato ad essa, e dunque condiziona i processi di socializzazione messi in atto dai soggetti (Buckingham, 2008)
Natural attenuation: implications for trace metal/metalloid nutrition
No full textAs discussed in detail in previous chapters, natural attenuation of metals by soils decreases metal bioavailability. It can therefore be highly desirable to facilitate this process in soils in which metals are present at concentrations of ecotoxicological concern. However, many metals are also essential micronutrients. In fact, micronutrient metals are probably more frequently present at low concentrations in soils than at toxic concentrations, resulting in constraints to crop growth and deficiencies for animal and human health. For example, millions of hectares of arable land are thought to be micronutrient deficient, limiting crop production (Fageria et al. 2002), with crop recovery rates for applied micronutrient fertilizers as low as 5 to 10% because of adsorption and fixation reactions in soils (Mortvedt 1994). Moreover, it has been estimated that more than 40% of the world’s population suffers from some form of micronutrient malnutrition (Welch and Graham 2002) due to insufficient micronutrient uptake by crops.Rebecca Hamon, Samuel Stacey, Enzo Lombi, and Mike McLaughli
Biological assessment of natural attenuation of metals in soils
No full textNatural attenuation, also known as aging, of metals in soil refers to the processes by which the mobility, bioavailability, and toxicity of soluble metals in soils decline with time. These processes are important in terms of both risk assessment and crop production because of their effects on metal toxicity and micronutrient availability, respectively. However, most of the research related to natural attenuation of metals in soil has been conducted using a chemocentric approach. Adsorption and desorption methods were used over 30 years ago by Tiller et al. (1972) to investigate long-term binding of Co in soil. Single or sequential extractions have also been widely used to assess aging of a variety of metals and metalloids in soil (see Chapter 1). More recently, isotopic dilution techniques have been employed to assess changes in metal lability over time (see Chapter 2). These chemical techniques provide information regarding changes in soil-solution partitioning, extractability, and lability of metals in soil, but do not directly measure changes in biological availability or toxicity of metals (Stevens and McLaughlin 2001). Therefore, biological and chemical assessment of aging must be integrated to adequately understand both the mechanisms and the effects of natural attenuation of metals in soil.http://www.crcpress.co.uk/shopping_cart/products/product_detail.asp?sku=42823&isbn=9781420042825&parent_id=453&pc
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
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