1,721,003 research outputs found
Imparare il pensiero computazionale, imparare a programmare
Full text linkNell'ultimo decennio il trend topic nell'ambito dell'insegnamento dell'informatica è il pensiero computazionale. Concetto già presente, è stato risaltato nel 2006 da Jeannette Wing, che ha mostrato come l'informatica abbia portato alla scienza non solo strumenti (computer e linguaggi di programmazione) ma anche innovazioni nel modo di pensare (es. algoritmo shotgun per sequenziamento del DNA umano).
Il pensiero computazionale è il processo mentale coinvolto nel formulare problemi e loro soluzioni, rappresentate in una forma che sia effettivamente eseguibile da un agente che processa informazioni. Si tratta di “pensare come un informatico” quando si affronta un problema.
Dopo aver passato in rassegna la letteratura sul pensiero computazionale, viene proposta una definizione del concetto. Si prende atto che la ricerca in questi anni sia rimasta molto legata ai linguaggi di programmazione, concetto centrale dell’Informatica. Vengono allora proposte due strade.
La prima strada consiste nella riesumazione di tutta una serie di studi di Psicologia della Programmazione, in particolare: studi sulle misconcezioni, che si occupano di individuare i concetti che sono compresi male dai programmatori novizi, e studi sul commonsense computing, che cercano di capire come persone che non hanno mai ricevuto nozioni di programmazione - o più in generale di informatica – esprimano (in linguaggio naturale) concetti e processi computazionali. A partire da queste scoperte, si forniscono una serie di consigli per insegnare al meglio la programmazione (con i linguaggi attuali, con nuovi linguaggi appositamente progettati, con l'aiuto di strumenti ed ambienti ad-hoc) al più ampio pubblico possibile.
La seconda strada invece porta più lontano: riconoscere il pensiero computazionale come quarta abilità di base oltre a leggere, scrivere e calcolare, dandogli dunque grande importanza nell’istruzione. Si vuole renderlo “autonomo” rispetto alla programmazione, fornendo consigli su come insegnarlo senza - ma anche con - l'ausilio di un formalismo
Epistemic Insights as Design Principles for a Teaching-Learning Module on Artificial Intelligence
Full text linkIn a historical moment in which Artificial Intelligence and machine learning have become within everyone’s reach, science education needs to find new ways to foster “AI literacy.” Since the AI revolution is not only a matter of having introduced extremely performant tools but has been determining a radical change in how we conceive and produce knowledge, not only technical skills are needed but instruments to engage, cognitively, and culturally, with the epistemological challenges that this revolution poses. In this paper, we argue that epistemic insights can be introduced in AI teaching to highlight the differences between three paradigms: the imperative procedural, the declarative logic, and the machine learning based on neural networks (in particular, deep learning). To do this, we analyze a teaching-learning activity designed and implemented within a module on AI for upper secondary school students in which the game of tic-tac-toe is addressed from these three alternative perspectives. We show how the epistemic issues of opacity, uncertainty, and emergence, which the philosophical literature highlights as characterizing the novelty of deep learning with respect to other approaches, allow us to build the scaffolding for establishing a dialogue between the three different paradigms
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Can Creative Computing foster Growth Mindset?
Full text linkInternational audienceTeacher training in computational thinking (CT) is becoming more and more important, as many countries are introducing CT at all K-12 school levels. Introductory programming courses are known to be difficult, and some studies suggest they foster an entity theory of intelligence (fixed mindset), reinforcing the idea that only some people have so-called "geek gene". This is particularly dangerous if thought by future primary school teachers. We analyzed the effects of an introductory course about computational thinking and creative computing with Scratch, and observed a statistically significant increase of pre-service teachers' growth mindset while observing a statistically significant decrease in their computer anxiety. The structure of the course is detailed, with particular emphasis on some characteristics that may have determined growth mindset increase. Limitations of this exploratory study are discussed, and future work is depicted
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
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