102 research outputs found
Fatal inhalation of nitrogen inside a closed environment: toxicological issues about the cause of death
No full textAsphyxia due to inhalation of nitrogen, as accidental or suicidal event, has been seldom reported in the forensic field. Death usually occurs because of a displacement and decrease of environmental and alveolar oxygen concentrations, but taking into account that nitrogen is a normal component of atmosphere, autopsy findings, which may be in certain cases unremarkable, must be corroborated with a careful scene investigation in order to determine the cause of death.
We present a case of a 37-year old male found unresponsive inside his car with five liquid nitrogen tanks placed in the trunk, three of them with clear losses because of incomplete lock. Resuscitation efforts were unsuccessful. Autopsy findings and histological analyses were unremarkable, but toxicological analyses were crucial. Percentages of nitrogen were high in blood collected from the inferior vena cava (85.2%), left ventricle (81.01%) and the right lung (80.73%). Concentrations of nitrogen were higher than those detected in control samples: 14 autopsy cases, room air and water. The cause of death was identified as an inert gas asphyxiation, which was classified as accidental in accordance with the police report
New Psychoactive Substances and evolving criminal dynamics against the backdrop of the fourth industrial revolution
No full text: Invited commentary on Letter: Napoletano S, Basile G, Lo Faro AF, Negro F. New Psychoactive Substances and receding COVID-19 pandemic: really going back to "normal"?. Acta Biomed 2022; Vol. 93, N. 2: e2022186 DOI 10.23750/abm.v93i2.13008 https://www.mattioli1885journals.com/index.php/actabiomedica/article/view/13008
Atrial fibrillation and heart failure with preserved ejection fraction: diagnostic challenges and therapeutic opportunities.
No full textHeart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) is a syndrome characterised by cardiac and non-cardiac physiologic disturbances, commonly underpinned by cardiometabolic abnormalities, which culminate in elevated left ventricular filling pressures and progressive symptoms of exercise intolerance. Arrhythmias, particularly atrial fibrillation (AF), are common in HFpEF and have important clinical implications. AF complicates the diagnosis and management of HFpEF. In this review, we synthesise the impact of AF on disease detection, symptom burden and prognosis and HFpEF treatment. Furthermore, we review pharmacological and interventional therapies that may mitigate the risk of AF and improve how patients with HFpEF feel, function and survive. [Abstract copyright: © Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2026. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ Group.
Report of the practical training done in the general directorate of ports in Portugal, during the months september and october 1986
No full textThis is not the main report, but the partial report. Portugal has a coast of approximately 800 km containing a lot of interesting coastal phenomena, such as estuaries, land spits, rock coasts, lagoons, cliffs and rias (areas af sandbanks and canals in open connection with the sea). Also a lot a different harbours can be found along this coast. The problems encountered during the desk studies and the visits vary drastically, from the closure of a river by sedimentations of the littoral drift in Praia de Areia Branca, to the stability of the tetrapods on the rubble mound breakwater in Nazaré. For the lay out of a fishing harbour and the handling of the fish, the D.G.P has developed a procedure which is applied in many harbours. Erosion and sedimentation form the problem in Aveiro where also a new commercial dock is just finished. Viano do Castello is the harbour in the north of Portugal where the river bed was changed as one of the necessary works in order to enlarge the capacity of the harbour. A new coal terminal is almost finished in Sines harbour as the first phase of the master plan for the development of this area. The breakwater which is exposed to very severe storm conditions is protected with blocks up to 72 tons, to resist the design waves of 11 meters! The development of the harbour of Portimao in the Algarve was done in only 10 years, including a fishing dock, a commercial and tourist dock and a naval quay. The entrance of the Ria de Faro suffered from severe erosion after the entrance was stabilized by the construction of two breakwaters. The repairing is in full action at the moment. The harbour of Lisbon contains a lot of different harbour activities, but will concentrate in fut ure on the development of containers, cereal, and tourism.coastal engineeringHydraulic EngineeringCivil Engineering and Geoscience
Esperienze didattiche per l’analisi del patrimonio nel contesto territoriale: il workshop «Rischio territoriale e patrimonio culturale: pianificazione della prevenzione e rigenerazione del patrimonio culturale diffuso di interesse religioso»
No full textQuesto testo presenta i risultati di una serie di analisi svolte al fine di supportare lo studio del patrimonio ecclesiastico esposto a fattori di rischio territoriale. A livello metodologico, il contributo fa uso delle strumentazioni tipiche dell’analisi territoriale orientandosi alla costruzione di un framework conoscitivo composito, in quella “pluralità di lenti interpretative e valutative” necessaria a interpretare la complessità del tema dopo la ratifica della Convenzione di Faro da parte dell’Italia nel 2020, ed è stato integrato da un’esperienza in situ a contatto con la popolazione residente. L’area analizzata si compone dei tre comuni di Corniglio, Neviano degli Arduini e Tizzano Val Parma, nell’Appennino Tosco-Emiliano. Gli studi effettuati, af ancati a una descrizione sintetica delle principali stratificazioni storiche del territorio e del patrimonio, si sono concentrati sull’analisi delle dinamiche demografiche ed economiche e sulla rassegna della pianificazione vigente al fine di individuare tendenze e rischio potenziale per i beni immobili di interesse religioso presenti nell’area. I fenomeni sono stati evidenziati tramite elaborazioni cartografiche che restituiscono lo spaccato di un territorio soggetto a forte attività sismica e di frana, con dinamiche sociali tipiche delle aree interne quali lo spopolamento, l’invecchiamento della popolazione e la dipendenza dall’area urbana. Lo studio svolto si pone come applicazione di un metodo estendibile anche ad altri contesti territoriali, che vede le analisi effettuate come preliminari e di supporto alle attività di tutela e valorizzazione del patrimonio ecclesiastico e – più in generale – di interesse religioso. Ulteriori estensioni metodologiche sono relative all’implementazione di una vera e propria indagine sociologica, quantitativa o qualitativa, che possa approfondire su una appropriata base statistica le relazioni che intercorrono tra territorio, patrimonio e percezione della popolazione residente
0004
No full textDAILY PALO Al.TO TIMES. WRPNESDAV, JAKfARY 30, 1009.
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TWBKTV.KIH'RTH PAV OF AV*
i.rsi. A. D. iihwh.
< II tin KH OF THK HUT OP PAl/O
AlaTO.
lkmatUrk- of the Citr.
Tfc. hoa-ndarlaa ot th* CUT *t Ptia Aha
*M1 U*r*«i-taJ- bod *ke_t*d*-» .**£***;
n at Sam. Ckr- ■MM of *■*_-■•*"**■* ts>
,( l'.la Alt, fieet-arty U-im-i? ^«*> »
tani down and <k.-a_n_lcd ul-." » map «<
,14 a-,. i_*j >r thMsi Hoehin. on tht
SS saTel%r_toy. A. 6. **W ******
ml* rf tw Omntr k*w*-» __>•»_* *2*
sj^^^ks: iTS. *_•***;■*«a
ttwtowl L'nftW-ty Psrtt (new P««> Alt.) aa
m forth and pari.tarlj dtrawi*sd -»S* SsM
%£s£-i *t * p*i*>' ■>• w-r1^
Sl £«**.•*- lit*, ol Ibr Saa .J********!!**
Cr-t* with It*. e-n.t_._w.riy }m*„** *j*
iuM *f way of ib* Sa-thrrn '*ac*«c »»*■••-'?.
-a™.. aou-nct-Hy Bbm« *-« S»i252
Ota Ol aalrf right of may of '■",1*"u,J,'!'n
Imti&c Railroad to tkt oorth*..t*rfr -tos sf tas
fc_*arwdrre mt*: thence ner,ib*..trrtv .wo,
aaid lit** ol tka Bmhanmdtto road to tbt mt
Ti* IT. sf *UrwSSS^\omktmBm*X
(.lot) a. deaign-tsd upon aatd "ap; Ihat.
aanhatl, aUmg Mid eaMeity I** of »»sjjl B__J
ttmmbet ,tt a-d last tnsterty has at Bi-t_
pfmnWr tas sa laid tfcrwn nrmmttwmp*'
thr Kortlvrrlr lins of BUkV Ntts-tj i-Sj
tb«iv*a wewerly sloss the -ti>*t_wlr itf* ot
Bio*-. Neoshor. tst, •»*. «•»■ **** ***}* '*'
m Uid *.-" on aald -ap to • J*"* *•
IW aatd itortWtly Wosda-r I'**-,0' »«* «•'•
Wins «•*.« sit e-tonelen ssstasrlr J< '»' «•«.
«!,!*«.! Slot*-. NnmWt. fd and e* ss laid
*£an scrtM aud mas, Umbsps asstasHe ska*
ssid map;
> Umn ol
f alons
fT aad
llw raMetty Im**. of Stock. NjimWra W ***
Ralo***-U lo tW northerly lies t*£s raas*
o. knew, aa Cheaning ***>-,,h*n" *-«•>,
- to*!/ sleaf IS. i»ort_OTt. Vot ot aa d rowl
sa laid dmwa tm ttid map and pare.!.! to th.
a-miWt'y ll-w* et »**e*s_ ttmghtnisl •_*< *
to tW j_-taWnrte**ty Bas of t%toda •";«,-*
Ud dcnra SN tald tsas; IkiHi along mid line
ot (.sfftda atr*rt noribt.taitrl*' to is* »*««!-
lla. of Block as-sfct- ■) aa laid down on SSM
S*ap: lt*si t^o-wlT slena tha f*™*rj£*
ot r.kti-a Ntsa-bei* «|, «,. «J sod Irttrr.
"ll** snd "V" at _it) down on Mid n>«P
to Uw c.tii.r Una ol Uw .U* rrafict^uilo
Creek: laanc. *-titliwrttt*il» *a*and**int th*
tntut Utw af ssid creek to tka pa*at ol
od and asaniM-r ts wkkh sack po*na shall
S* »a*r(l*rr|
See. * Said Ct*WM- ahatl W *.*»»*.rd ot
■ I iurb.1.. rath mt wham thall han kam
an llaSliJl ol Ik« Citr t>( ***;" Alto for .t
least thrre rear* neat prtcadins hi* (laction
TW mambara ml aaid Council shall be
l_t-wa aa C-w-c--wa. sad thatr ttrma ot
idsK* thall W nt 7f«>*. (.Bmnseimaa cm the
ttt it day ot July Mtl a-ucc**di*i*r iWt
elrclirm. (tu-c-t thai lh« tertaa of tfcoa* ftrat
elactad and dtMfnated to tern a* Council
at* .hall he aa konin urat-tsd.
Sec. j Oa Ih* -wewd Mandar •( Uay.
■ sos. aa *lt>rtio- shall b. held within *aid
citr tor tha poipott ot »l*ctins it meinber.
i* *i(«t*d al awch eleeti--
_sa"5. al* Ih* tart rtfalai aaetttt-f la Juty.
IMS. ao claatdfr th»m*el.e* by tot lhat in
.{ aaid itM-s-bai. -tall bold o*m lot the trim
af iw« fwan; ft.- for tin ttrm af (ntii
j-ah. aad i*e f*>» I he term of at. nsn.
TJwtwalwt oa the mrmnd Uonday In Ma. fl
rack odd nuistberrd year, an eleclmn shall be
held at which •.'..■nu ilmrii ahatl be rlrct.d to
(ticcrcd the number* whoae t*r»* ttptt* on th.
-rt* day ot July neat f^luwln*.
Sec. 4. All elrtiKsn* cal>d and htld in *»U
Crtt, shall be hrlj aad ctmdttrted in Rtantwr
and fuini a* ICttUtrrd try the general Uwa nf
ihr State imtrnlfia; .tntsrrn* within _ninlci>
palttir*- pftJ-i-idw-d Ibal after th* hrtt *l»<tioti tke
Co.nct) may pre—id* thai aaid t-ireti—aa may
be bald la Such manner a* aaid Coa-cil may
iy Os-diMnrc drtrrminc, or aa may bo presided br »n otdlitaata sdopud by tb* *tcct<Mi
I taid Ctty .« *v»f*t_lf1er f*ti*4ded
See * Sakt Caaot-U stall fa a daw and
me'tinr* and ad--^Bl
rtilas lo f •■*■■-
ttaula
. ...\ Ita ni-credini*
Eifbt i*ermorr»
The Herer-l llrpartnirniai.
<i) TW I'tTpanawM rd Public Work.;
'.] TW lifpartatrnt af ftjblic Safety,
tt) TW Ikrsariatent af I'uUie Uhnrj.
P«ord ot Public lio.lt
Sec. «. TW Ht-i.artm.ru af Public Vt'otka
thall W under IW saanantatral and eotttiol
of a Board of Pabttc We.*.*, mkwk ahall ton
•■.*. of iki—c m-irit-it, to be apfsoisriad by tW
pftyTtdcd, Ikat th* tncaber* irst ap
pmnird aWU rlaaufy Uws-a*lt*c.' by Ua to
that Ibe term* of ibr snrnirsrrs thai! r.plir, ra-
•l-iti.rly. mi, four and al. rear, after IWir
a [-[vent, tnt* at Vacat-tciea ar* to W s!lad ky
tW Caa-ttl to* IW a-raMted term*. TW
st-ttiher* ef thr Board ot PtMit Work* shall
receitr no tompe—«at.o_. TW Board af l'ub
Ik Work, ahatl bait and rat-mar IW j-owcrt
and perforin tW datie-. Wtrm «ntimer*led,
atl
M.r
W alirrrd, and Ih. territory rm
auy W ^tJed It. or dimtnish-d
TW Cllr af Palo Atto shall ha-
srcia* lh* toll-wins psawttra:
1 Ta hs*. prrpctaat tajea-ttwton.
». Ta Wr* and as. a catvarai* teal snd al
It. it ti alaaaurr. ■ =
i. Tu s*aa and t« W *oe-l In sll Coum and
pUeta, aad is all action. Snd proceeding*
■Wlatiever.
4. Ta psrrh-M. rtrxt-e, Wrr.uk., hold,
teste, u*e snd rnjoy pinBcrty t't rtrry hind
and dMcription, both wiUiln sad •a-hs.nit th.
luall* of asM Ctl*. «nd lo *.*eiirol and dia-
K«* ol th. »saw far IW ***». »«»eat.
j To taettm WcjsMa. oVrl-f. and dorta-
lioiia ol prtevany of e.rrr hlttw. *HWf •»**»
lutcly or in trust lor any pttrpoar, and 10 do
Sll *<t» neee»**ry IS carry .ml IW-t'Utpo*e. nt
tuth brr>u**t*, -t-SMS tm4 daast*r*n«, aad to
aunav*. rontal, aett a* slWrwW di**«*e of
path profsettr t" twr^d.t*ts. a-llk tW term.
if suck bec.iie.1.. ilevUa. or tttiiwtl**--
5. Ts sawtsls. palkw »aw.rs and mah. .It
a-eaasrr ftttm omt tamhary fSSakHlsai. and
m adapt aediaaace. sad sewatrttw r-naUt*.
Council
ccinatilutr a ..tsora-i
te tW *ear.»artst-n of tra*>nc*a. b-trt a ka.
laaaVrr may adjourn from time to Um* and
ca-atpcl tW altrndarior of .barn I Biraibrr*.
and imp.-* auch Arte, aa rt mar deem prooer
upon mraihrr* reftMias or nrilect-f to at
lead *-j*h p-.'ciirjt
Sac. 7. So ur-tnance —tall be i-t*"), no
• I*,, intmant tnadr, mt onVer re-motred, nn
runtract ahall be a-arded and no .Jili.tium
um .( Three Maadtrd linlUr.
tltsttaist.) wt*-m*t IW sttnaalnc vote af tt
katt cirht ntrtaWr* at IW Ccntnci).
Sec <•. Said Ccwrtcil aWIt elect an* of
1 number aa ita pr raid ins cdficrr. wW ahalt
b-aars »* M.••■■'. and wbo afaall met
r em* y**t after hi* election.
TW «»i-1 Mayor Ualt prr-Ar at atl mert-
w* ot iW Coancit. thall W ih. Chlrf "-:*■
uti.e of IW t»,.l City, snd perfnrn *acb
Wr dtit.c* a. .amy trom liaw to tin*, be »»
a«ned to hint by tW CotsncU In .« other
reaprct* he shall tnm. tht •ami- dutlr. »*
.ny otWr memWr of tW Ouwil
Sec 4 TW Council ahall apimint ot pro
ride lot IW apea-ria latent ef a Clrrk. Treaaurer.
Aaditor, Taa Ccdtactar, Aaaraaor. Att_*ney.
and rMrpt aa rtWrwiar pr-r-ded. suib otber
uOicrri a* may hr nrrr.wry for tW nan**,
tion ef IW aRaira af tW mualcisallty.
See 10 A rar.ncy ia tW Council (Wit W
fUlad by Uw reataiataa aaemWr. nf tW Cann-
-ointee ihatt bold other antit th.
rat election
I'mrii ar. to W attctad. At
... neat dec tlon *ucc*edlnf any vsK.ncy a
Cotancitman aa_afl W tlected ta arrve far the on-
rsptrtd t»rro
See- It, TW Council shall by ordfnanrr
provide far Ihe aitewmrni, levy and cllretl'iti
of Usea. and -tail act aa a Board of tviaali
latron *n t^aalitias tW *ata* of pf-f-rty
liMrd aprm IW saaastawnt roll. I>artiit IW
nwenlb nl fwpte-iWf In each yr.r, it .Wll
leer *aeh ta. aa aisr -» aacaasary la ralae
re.rnur l.r iW -_i-taiaa_ca sf tW City and
the teveral departincwls dat-tf tW Meal ytar.
but aach ta. irry. tor all raanicinal purr*n*e>.
trept Ihr i>*-nn*nt of intrrrat and ptinctt-t im
hr bunded debt. *W1I nol cieaed IW *t*m of 8;
-ach liawaa af aawMed valuation
a* tW asm* acefarar. open IW aa 11 sua* 11 il rail
II in tb* tadfmml of IW Cmtnrtl it aboutd W
iiiinuii lo piovtde a re*«ia* in race** of IW
*tim realiird from lh* levy brrrln ••r.M'Iril, tb*
v'c.'i'i- «f <he )r*y of an additi»nat tat *WIi
be wtihcalrted ts tlte rlectoe*. aad . taecial
ilw»m mar be Wtd tot that pwrpo—-. TW
airt.lts.-ina) turn nt rat* rr—uirr.t 14 W ral*ed |
by MKh additional la. Irry **..H he rapreateu !
u-son the WllcM. It . majority ot tW rate.
*.*t upon -ach prop.—itK-n sitatl W in faro* ol
a.thcsririni IW Covin il lo lerf rack addtttor—1
t.ic, i),rn lh* Coancll may Irry the additional
inhabitant* witk aster, il.hl
power, t*l*a*ra(tkic aad teltrpsWtaw com_._..
cat tan. Md far tW enoreyanr* of tsasw-nfrr*
and freifbt ttrrr. under and upon IW pub
tic strewta and rifat. ef way Mrurad th.r.
1 (or atl f—amod-lie. farnitb-
rcii'lrred. and tu dUftw of
tc-tBtararl-le. prtMtt*etr*l or tcaJar trrnee In
taasiietluii with awth wort— «rr_a*de at the
"snundarir* of tald city.
.. Ta irrilirosr ihe ri.cra, _lir*m*. h.yt.
.tart, and csann.1. Sowins ikrcmfh tW city
f se*dammag- tW ssnat: Kt wide*, stra.sktm
nd daett-n IW tWaael. then '
iWtcfrma; to runtr.-l and rm
pro--* tb. -iter Iront of Ihe city; to* c-n-
trnet and maintain emWnkmenu and oiWr
ofk* to (srsJ**tTl tW city from ectrrftjw. cwa
•troet, maintain and ooerat* ua any taneh ben
derins mi any naeieabl* hay, inlrt, rirrr, creek.
tl.ruti. or ana af IW wa. within tW limit, of
I ciiy ut t~nticuou* tWrrtu. trharrrs, chut*.,
'.. Wwakw.ter*. Wtb bouar. and llfr—itinf
SUteOCT.
y Tl _.
to lay "ni. open, mt.nl,
, ""..■•. or cttWrwi*
ret* aatd hlah-ay.
ptace*. Io csnatracl sewer., drama, enirert.
ti. to plant Irt**. cwnatruct parkins and
r thrub* and weed*. Aba to provide fur
rpelr. clearuna and it>ri—kilns "f *t*ch
1 and public plac.a
Ta (• rt»r»ct and raatama all woeh. ne-
ce—tarr far the di^waittcm af ar-ag.. farWsr
snd w***e.
j. To eMabllth and maintain bcjapital*, •*>
tUtent home, and all other (Writable 1
i imjifowi ii;
:r it;
ed, .nd tW .npot-tr* aWII bo'd of
first da* nf July ■nceredinf, 'be 1
and
To maintain park*, platgrouttd*, tWatrr*
ntarr* lor recre-atirsn^ and "
rlt a.irl tffuJatr
and e. the bonded
*nd departtaent*. aach ma. a* may **
ttttty to mipt-'tt iW aame durinf each year
Additional appr.rprfedtnna may W made from
far the TWel-nn thereof,
y. Ts any snd cntleci tauea and ******
mrntt. iinpo*. liccna. In* lot t«—•tlu* or
raank-ioa.' and praride alt owaa* fur r*it*in«
tW rerrnae neveaaary for IW city.
borrow rtmnev. Incut munirlpal ln;
B8
or -rlber t*rde*cc* af .ach in.iehled
p. T» acaatre. crtnatrwrt, atrflnUin and eject.'* all nr*e*«ry worts tor the a.-t-i-ym« cl
the city and it* inWbtt.nt* wttb w.ter,
light, beat. (Hiwer. I*l*sraphk and i»l*f.li Milt
t-a-mualraltori. aad for th* ciM.trrutc* of
SSMssser. snd fr*«ht utc*. «»*Vt aad ttpan
pabltc teraeta and tights af way aettirrd
tWrefor; to fa rat*, ror at) tommadilir* fur-
nUWd or •*-._*. r-ad*i*d. and to d.ipoe*
sf sSSHaadltka pradaced or ren-lrt *.r*ie* in
innirirliii with a-ch work, -.utwde af tW
W-ndsrica of sskl city.
10, To improre tW fivers. .Urams. Wy*.
tnleta and rhannela Bowing through th. cily
lo wtden. rtraifhtr.
a* -w'efrom. Is cm
— waler frani of tW
Mracl and maintain ernbankinri
watfc. ta srtttect tW cily from ~n_w, arm
W sas,altt. wtrm. xaamtutt. aumtate. sad ep-
etalc on any land* l-sofdcrtng on any nati
gable Wy. Inlet, tirer, creek, .l.iugh or ann
of lh* ars. within tW limit, of tW tity tn
ARTICLE IV.
It-afie* of tJttcers.
, Ke.lion 1. CLERK.—Il aWtl W ih* duly
i>f the Clerk to Wep a true recntd ef IW pro-
it **d ing. ef IW Coancit and et UW ac-vtal
j la-sards CwtahlUhcd ky thit charier and record
j IW assie In proprr boik* kept (nt tWt put-
jix-e. H* «h*ll have (..-er to admiiiist.r osth*
: In 1 onnrcim>ii wllb alt mallet relating tu IW
) nvumtipaJily
■I'DITOR—It aWII W tW daty
... -HMtrtsct and maintain aui-Wta,
Wtb*. and pah*.* bit-tag. atW* than acheoi
and library huildinf 1
Sac. J. Whenever any street wurk or nil.
er iinpir.ser,iT.i i. la be dwne ur perfueawd
sad 'the cu«t of IW whole or any pnrtann
iherctrf i* 10 W pa>-) br any special aaseas
stent levied wfv>n properly, alt atjrh proceed.
ins* tWll be bad ami carried tm by IW coun
eifuixin (lie rromnsendal-'n of the Board of
PobJie Wi-*rttS.
Se*. 4. TW Bastd af PtM'tt WorW abalt
eppcrinl aa ita riecntirt odker a cumtpetcnt
rmgins-er, and apon IW lalter'a in.•.times.
.1.1 Kir,, aueb other eaiployee. a* ar. neta*-
aary ta .npervite, manage and conttiui-t op.
etaae and mainuin iW pr-wmetw* ta* tklsgi
anjrr tW tonirnl nf Mtd Bssard. and ahatl k.
tW lortsprnaslton fat all ere.|.i«yrrtt
TW oifineer *u apnemtcd thall W the city
*ngin*er .nd street tutarr mtawdent. and ahall.
in addittes- to hi* ethet- dan*-*,
1. ..d.M* IW o.stncil and tW arrerat de
(sartmetit hoard* apon all matter, of an en-
glneefiug nature,
1 Supeniite tW f,rsttrmii..n atv* W*e
cWrer ot additiuna and rrpau* of .li pn-t-e
huildinc* titrtpvetite ut department..
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Sex. S. TW Beard at Edacatton aWII
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IW pahllc acbonla. In adetv
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te W rawed hr ta.Mwn upon tht -laticrty
nl tW Miss-d drttr-ct fur IW tuptsort of Ihe
•B-hitols titttri than Inch tchool*, am) th* Boarn
if Super.t»r* of Santa (tara Count* shall.
>n4 they ar. hetrhr .-thnrlaed and Jirrctet..
n each year when -sing tha an-wet taa
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HiKtliutt ahatl rri-.rl to W h.-cimi. for
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lereM on all ontMandtng hoada of tW Palo
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charge ef the I1"
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la. Ts enrrcmt IW ttgwl af **ninent Se-
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pahtk aw.
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Mw It. racept SS karris ethorwiec aea.U«d.
ran Ihe power to fa sod MtahJwh tie aaetV
all Utianclal tranaacti.en. in stonkt hepl tor
tkat purpua*. fit shall draw warrant* upon
the if-as>ur** for all claime againM the
(-it whkh Wve Wen allowed hr the Coun-
• il and tW ecvcrnl department, boards He
thall render each month a Matemcnt tn IW j
Co 11 tv il shewing |W inane-1*1 coaditlnn et
the city, and annaatly a lih* Mattntml (•■«
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■ W duty ef IW ta. nltwciar to tecelt* and
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Sec. '4- TKKASbRKlt — TW iftMwtt j
aWII rttrne and safety beep alt taottcr. belonging ti. ihe ctty and shall pay tW ume j
only upon wstrani. drawn hy tw auditor for ,
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tnt—ii hc-ard*. prot idrd tWt tW spttraeal ot
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he necrtaary to pay the tnonlblr Mtatie. of ,
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to ircrive dcpo.Ua ef public nvinry,
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li—n and Act et lh* I-eg»»t*tu™ entitled' "An
act to Ptovldr for and Regulate the larpAMt
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ftrtt Monday of March and tW t.-tt day ot
tut. ne.t mwetoding. a complete ntmnnti
of all peeperty within iW city, and aWtl tjsttn
Mid law na—ltd date turn evwr lo tW rtry
cnuncil lh* t tie lament rati an pttpamd hy hha.
He shall art *j ta. roDevtor fot Ihr purpoae
ot collecting taae* apon prtatmal prooorty
wWn Ike ume are unsecured hy a two, npon
real .Mate
Sec *. ATTORNKV—TW attorney aWII
art a* ibr legal adviser of tW roaneil, fW
arverat hnaritt, and in. .-fherr at IW cily wW
tes-.neM* hi* adtke lie thall ye-para alt ae-
dtanne—. t<*4, tonttwl* -Wwe.ee tettoked *a
to do W tht tnuncit or tW teteral department
hoard. It* thall proaeeutr all vlidalor. of tW
cilv ordinance* and tWll reprewnt iW city in
atl *. t .■, at Uw.
See y TW council may toodtre any
of IW ahnv* otrWeta lu give olrW.al hond*
In a.ith nin-t aa it may deem proper, and
iW council .hall pay all premium* upon anr-
rtf hoods whan soeh bond* ar* given It
—My r-e.i-i.de fee tW appstaitvtment ot ttoch
det-utie. end aaaiM.nt. aa may be 1—nntred.
anil thall A. Ut* romprnrntion of tuen i-lri
err* and tot It deptrtte. .»d .MUtoals. Atl
of IW ahnv* afker* atall grrfwat ttch other a*nrtea. »t tW rawactt may rtrqmh. and
shall mir ■iuime.it. plra.arr
See. S. WWnrvrt tW public tnterew tut
re.(.nr*. the council may
Cacela-a-Velha no contexto da Actividade Marítima e do Povoamento Rural do Sudoeste Peninsular nos séculos XII-XIV
No full textCacela-a-Velha es una pequeña población del Algarve oriental, situada sobre materiales miocénicos, bordeada por una laguna protegida del océano por un cordón arenoso,
Actualmente, Cacela y sus alrededores, se integran en el Parque Natural da Ria Formosa, que los ha protegido de la devastación urbanística que asoló a la región algarvia en pasadas décadas. Conocimos Cacela a través de aquella institución que nos enseñó a comprender la dinámica de los sistemas naturales y el papel de las poblaciones locales en la construcción del paisaje. Diversas circunstancias institucionales nos llevaron a la realización de excavaciones arqueológicas de emergencia en 1990 y en 1992, De ahí en adelante fue la curiosidad la que nos atrajo a este bello lugar.
Cacela es un lugar pequeño y poco poblado, rodeado por buenas tierras agrícolas, que se enfrenta con un mar tranquilo que parece libre de vida marítima. Es una realidad presente que contrasta con la descripción de af-Idrisi que la consideraba un "castelo forte e bem povoadd', un puerto de mar en el siglo XII.
Proyectos financiados por la Unión Europea permitieron realizar nuevas excavaciones arqueológicas y, además, crear un equipo con vocación al estudio, protección y valorización deí Patrimonio Cultural en Cacela.
La presente Tesis de Doctorado sintetiza el trabajo de investigación desarrollado en los últimos años. Se llevó a cabo con una metodología que correlaciona diferentes elementos de análisis histórico: las fuentes documentales, cartografía antigua y mapas de suelos; los estudios arqueológicos del barrio islámico de P050 Antigo, de la Necrópolis Medieval de Cacela y del Largo de la Fortaleza; e! análisis de los paramentos constructivos y la evolución del conjunto edificado de Cacela-a-Velha; prospección de campo y encuestas de cariz etnográfico; la consulta de los estudios de geomorfología, biología y arqueozoología.
El castillo de Cacela se situaba en el punto de confluencia entre el delta del Guadiana y el río de Faro (actual Ría Formosa) en época medieval. Cacela fue un puerto estratégico para la navegación que pretendía acceder a la ciudad de Faro desde sotavento y para las embarcaciones que tenían que subir por el río Guadiana. La fortificación existía, por lo menos, desde el siglo X, aunque sufrió alteraciones en los períodos siguientes. En el período almohade el interior de la alcazaba experimentó obras, como la construcción de un área de almacenamiento de cereales y las del asentamiento de la zona inferior. Cacela se expandió en dirección al puerto, surgiendo así un barrio nuevo junto a la desembocadura de la ribera de las Hortas. Su castillo tenía jurisdicción sobre el territorio occidental del Bajo y Medio Guadiana y la orla costera hasta Tavira, marcado por un considerable poblamíento.
La conquista cristiana alteró profundamente a su estructura social y territorial. Con la entrega a la Orden de Santiago, ia encomienda de Cacela creó las bases de la organización parroquial del espacio rural del Algarve oriental, a través de la construcción de la primera iglesia en la región. Se creó la Morería, que acogió a los moradores islámicos del término. Situado entre la ciudad de Tavira y la frontera luso-castellana, el término del enclave de Cacela se fue reduciendo gradualmente. Alteraciones en la geomorfología lagunar habrían contribuido a su despoblamiento. Cacela recibirá una nueva obra de fortificación en el siglo XVI a través del impulso de la ocupación de las plazas norte-africanas y del refuerzo defensivo de la línea del Guadiana.
Este estudio es una contribución para la comprensión del pasado histórico de Cacela-a-Velha en el contexto del poblamiento, evolución del paisaje, y actividades marítimas del Sudoeste peninsular.Cacela-a-Velha is a small village In eastern Algarve, located on a Miocene cliff. It is bordered by a lagoon protected from the ocean by a sandy barrier island.
Nowadays Cacela and its sourroundings lie within the Ria Formosa Natural Park (Parque Natural da Ria Formosa), which has protected it from the Algarvian urban destruction. I discovered Cacela through that institution, which provided me not only with the knowledge on the dynamics of its natural systems, but also on the local population's role in landscape building.
Institutional circumstances allowed me to proceed with archaeological emergency excavations from 1990 to 1992. After that, it was the beauty of the area that moved me to further research.
Nowadays Cacela is a quiet, slimly populated site, surrounded by good agricultural fields, facing a calm sea and void of maritime life—a situation that clashes with al-Idrisi's description of a strong and well populated castle and sea port in the 12th century.
I started by reading the available bibliography about the area. European founding projects allowed new
excavation and the gathering of a reasearch team for the study, protection and management of Cacela's cultural heritage.
This thesis synthesizes the research developed in the last few years. The applied methodology correlated different historical elements: document sources, including ancient cartography and soil maps; archaeological data from the Islamic Quarter (Bairro Islámico) of Pogo Antigo, the Medieval Necropolis of Cacela and the Fortress Square (Largo da Fortaleza); the analyses of building parameters and evolution of Cacela's architecture; field survey and etnographic inquiries; and consultation of geomorphology, biology and zooarchaeology studies,
During the medieval period, the castle of Cacela was positioned on the confluence of the Guadiana and Faro (or Ria Formosa) rivers. It was a strategic port, accessing the city of Faro at the west and the Guadiana River at the east. The fortress itself existed since at least the 10th century and was later modified several times. In the Almohade period, the alcazaba (Alcágova) had some works, including the construction of a warehouse for cereals and lodgings. Cacela expanded to its port area, a new quarter next to Hortas creek (ribeira das Hortas). Its castle had jurisdiction over the Middle and Lower Guadiana, as well as the coast to Tavlra, a territory with significant population.
The 13th century Christian conquest significantly changed the social and territorial structure of Cacela. The area was then given to the Santiago Order, and the trust (comenda) of Cacela began the parochial organization of rural Algarve after constructing the first church in the region. A moorish quarter (mouraria) was established to accommodate the local islamic population. In between the city of Tavira and the Portuguese-Castiilian border, the trust of Cacela was gradually reduced. Changes in the lagoon geomorphology contributed to its depopulation. In the 16th century, new works in the fortress were taken to help with the defense of the Guadiana area after the Portuguese occupied several North African sites.
The main objective of this study is to understand the past history of Cacela's port and castle within the medieval Southwestern Iberia settlement and landscape evolution.Historia, Geografía y Antropologí
Onuphis farensis Gil & Machado, 2014, sp. nov.
No full textOnuphis farensis sp. nov. (figs. 2–6) Onuphis (Nothria) geophiliformis (not Nothria geophiliformis Moore, 1903)— Ibáñez 1972: 26 –28, fig. 2 (Sandbank of Cabezuela, Bay of Cádiz, Spain); Ibáñez 1973 a: 128 (Isla Cristina and Cádiz, Spain); Ibáñez 1973 b: 43 –45, gráfico 12, cuadro 13 (Isla Cristina and Cádiz, Spain). Nothria geophiliformis (not Nothria geophiliformis Moore, 1903)— Campoy 1982: 557 (previous records: Sandbank of Cabezuela, Cádiz, and Isla Cristina, Spain). ? Nothria geophiliformis (not Nothria geophiliformis Moore, 1903)— Dexter 1992: 79 (Ria de Alvor). ? Onuphys geophyliformis (not Nothria geophiliformis Moore, 1903)— Mucha & Costa 1999: 371 (Ria de Aveiro and/or Sado Estuary, Portugal). Onuphis sp. nov. — Gil 2011: 544 –545 (Ria Formosa, Portugal). Material examined. PORTUGAL, Ramalhete (Faro, Ria Formosa), 37 º00’20.9”N, 07º 58 ’28.1”W, WGS 84 datum, intertidal sand. Areia Intertidal 4, 27 /03/ 2001 (G. 3761): HOLOTYPE MB 29 -000332, 1 c adult, broken in two pieces, with Ciliophora, with fragment of tube. Areia Intertidal, 25 / 11 / 1999 (G. 162): PARATYPE MB 29 -000333, 1 af adult. Areia Intertidal, 07/02/ 2000 (G. 162): PARATYPE MB 29 -000334, 1 c adult with a membranous tube with attached small sand grains of different sizes, posterior end damaged. Areia Intertidal 3, 27 /03/ 2001 (G. 3754): PARATYPE NMW.Z.2014.010.0001, 1 af adult with Ciliophora, 2 mf; PARATYPE NMW.Z.2014.010.0002, 2 af juveniles. Areia Intertidal 6, 27 /03/ 2001 (G. 3770): PARATYPE NMW.Z.2014.010.0003, 1 af adult, with Ciliophora. Areia Intertidal 9, 03 /07/ 2001 (G. 3736): PARATYPE MB 29 -000335, 2 af juveniles, with Ciliophora. Areia Intertidal 1, 28 /01/ 2002 (G. 3810): PARATYPE SMF 23896, 1 af adult, with Ciliophora. Areia Intertidal 3, 28 /01/ 2002 (G. 3821): PARATYPE MB 29 -000336, 1 af adult, 1 mf, with Ciliophora. Areia Intertidal 6, 28 /01/ 2002: PARATYPE MB 29 -000337, 1 af adult, 1 mf, with Ciliophora. Areia Intertidal, 12 /06/ 2003: PARATYPE MB 29 -000338, 2 af adults, 20 af juveniles and young adults of different sizes, some with Ciliophora, one with tube. Description. Based on the holotype, complemented with data from paratypes. Complete adult (holotype MB 29 -000332) 47.5 mm long, for 163 chaetigers, broken in two pieces. Live worms not observed, body flesh colored in alcohol, without visible colour patterns. Body cylindrical up to approximately chaetiger 4, being dorsoventrally flattened from chaetiger 5 rearwards (posterior to the pharynx) and with segments shorter in length, tapering towards pygidium within the last 20 chaetigers (fig. 2 A–B). Prostomium small, subtriangular with a rounded anterior margin. A pair of oval to obclavate frontal lips. Palpophores and ceratophores arranged in semicircle. Palps reaching chaetigers 1–2, with 6–9 rings on palpophores. Lateral antennae reaching chaetiger 4–6, with 9–11 rings on each ceratophore, being always longer than median antenna. Median antenna reaching chaetiger 3–4, with 5–7 rings on ceratophore. Nuchal organs not observed. Eyes not visible, apparently absent. Peristomium slightly shorter than first chaetiger, bearing two slender tentacular cirri at the outer anterior margin (right one missing on holotype), generally about half the length of the peristomium. Jaw apparatus description based on a single specimen (paratype MB 29 -000333), consisting of dorsal maxillae and ventral mandibles. Maxillae (fig. 3 A) weakly sclerotized, translucent with some darkened margins. Carriers triangular, about as long as MI. Maxillary formula as MI: 1 + 1, MII: 9 + 9, MIII: 10 +0, MIV: 7 + 10, MV: 1 + 1. Proximal tooth very small in both maxillae MII, and in MIII. Mandibles (fig. 3 B) slightly shorter than maxillae, with slender and poorly sclerotized shafts, and slightly calcified cutting plate, with irregular edge. Lateral shelves not observed. Cutting plate with the two heavily sclerotized protomandibles completely embedded in the translucent surrounding mandibles. First 4 chaetigers slightly displaced ventrally, with longer dorsal and ventral cirri, and postchaetal lobes (fig. 2 A–B, fig. 4 A). First 2 chaetigers about as long as wide, with parapodia directed anteriorly. Proceeding chaetigers becoming quickly wider and shorter (fig. 2 A). Dorsal cirri present throughout the body, being very long on anterior chaetigers, but diminishing gradually there after and becoming short for the largest part of the body, up to the last chaetigers (fig. 4 A–D). Ventral cirri cirriform in the first 4 chaetigers (fig. 4 A), being replaced by glandular pads thereafter. Occasionally, chaetiger 5 showing a transitory ventral cirrus, consisting of a slightly longer pad (figs. 2 B, 4 B). Digitiform postchaetal lobes elongate and conical, fully developed in the first 8 chaetigers (fig. 4 A–B), then reducing progressively (fig. 4 C), becoming small and papilliform by chaetiger 18, being present up to chaetiger 23–33 in the biggest adults (fig. 6 B), and absent posteriorly (fig. 4 D). From about chaetiger 8–10 the postchaetal lobe displaces ventrally, becoming subchaetal, with limbate chaetae emerging from the superior base of the lobe (fig. 4 C). Interramal papillae absent. Simple strap-like branchiae first present from chaetiger 5 (figs. 2 A, 4 B), appearing at the inner base of the dorsal cirri, being intially shorter or only marginally longer than the corresponding dorsal cirri (fig. 4 B), but quickly surpassing it, reaching the dorsal midline of the body (fig. 4 C–D). Branchiae absent in the last 50–60 chaetigers. Chaetigers 1–4 with bi– and tridentate pseudocompound hooks with blunt tips, numbering 4 (rarely 3, 5 or 6) per parapodium (fig. 5 A–C). Majority tridentate, sometimes with a tiny and difficult to see basal denticle, but bidentate hooks not uncommon (although not present in every specimen). Some tridentate hooks show a bifid middle (fig. 5 D) and proximal denticles (fig. 5 E, S 3), or an extra tiny denticle between the distal and middle denticles (fig. 5 E, S 1). Additional completely formed hooks are present inside the body, at the base of the parapodia. Simple limbate chaetae with narrow wings from chaetiger 5, absent in anterior chaetigers bearing pseudocompound hooks. Pectinate chaetae flat and oblique with approximately 10 teeth (fig. 5 G), normally present from chaetiger 5 (can be difficult to detect, but always appearing no later than chaetiger 6 or 7 in adult specimens), numbering one or two per parapodium. Very small capillary chaetae present in most, if not all, chaetigers, including the first four, which posses pseudocompound hooks. A pair of bidentate subacicular hooks present from chaetiger 9, each with a short, squared hood, first emerging from the base of the anterior region of the postchaetal lobe (fig. 4 C–D, fig. 5 F). Pygidium bearing 2 pairs of ventrally inserted anal cirri, upper pair longer than lower pair, dorsal rim crenulated (fig. 2 C). Tube membranous, encrusted with poorly-sorted sand grains. Remarks on juveniles. Some adult characters are invariable in juveniles, indicating they are fixed in an early stage of ontogeny. Branchiae always appear on chaetiger 5, and subacicular hooks are normally present from chaetiger 9, except in 3 juvenile specimens, in which only one hook is present in one of the parapodia of chaetiger 8, but being present in both parapodia from chaetiger 9. Very young juveniles do not show pectinate chaetae, but when they do they are normally present in the first branchial chaetigers, usually at chaetiger 5, as in the adults (fig. 6 A). Bi – and tridentate pseudocompound hooks are also present, but with a higher proportion of bidentate hooks in relation to adults. However, other important characters show a bigger variability between juveniles and adults, and seem to be related with size or with the ontogeny of the species. These are: the number of ventral cirri, the number of chaetigers with pseudocompound hooks, and the number of chaetigers with postchaetal lobes. Younger juveniles bear ventral cirri only in the first 3 chaetigers (instead of 4), and pseudocompound hooks may also be present only in the first 3 chaetigers. Alternatively chaetiger 4 may possess a mixture of hooks and limbate chaetae. In general, specimens with pseudocompound hooks present only in the first 3 chaetigers, lack ventral cirri entirely or are very reduced on the 4 th chaetiger, indicating the link between these two characters, at least in some onuphids, as previously noticed by Fauchald (1982 b). Completely developed postchaetal lobes vary in number, ranging between 3–8 and absent on chaetiger 9 in younger juveniles, or present only as decreasingly sized bulges up to chaetiger 11–21 in older juveniles and young adults. Methyl green staining pattern. Based on holotype MB 29 -000332, and paratypes MB 29 -000336 and MB 29 - 0 0 0 337. Palpophores, palps and ceratophores, and frontal, upper and lower lips stained deeply, unlike the ceratostyles which remained unstained. Peristomium stained near the anterior margin, peristomial cirri strongly stained. Anterior region of body with parapodia, dorsal and ventral cirri, postchaetal lobes and branchial filaments strongly stained. Posterior region with branchial filaments and dorsal cirri unstained. Ventral glandular pads stained deeply, with posterior half darker than anterior. From the middle region rearwards, anterior and posterior bases of each parapodium with strongly stained dark blue dots, forming vertical stripes anterior and posterior to the glandular pads. Those posterior to the pads being longer and darker. Dorsum in the anterior region with broad transverse pale stripes, formed by two thinner lines, uniting both parapodia of the same segment, and becoming paler rearwards. Ventrum of first chaetiger with a V-shaped stripe formed by thinner lines uniting both parapodia, leaving a paler area in the anterior region of the segment, just behind the lower lip. On the second chaetiger the stripe is more anteriorly placed, and from the third segment it becomes central in the segment. From about chaetiger 10 it turns into 2 separate bands: an incomplete anterior one at the level of the glandular pads, interrupted at the midline and a complete posterior one, uniting the region just posterior to the glandular pads. This pattern fades posteriorly. In the middle and posterior region of the body a broken longitudinal midventral line appears. Posterior region and pygidium without strong staining patterns, just some discontinuous thin dorsal transversal lines in the last chaetigers, formed by dark dots. Etymology. The specific epithet ‘ farensis ’ refers to the type locality of the species, being near the town of Faro, in Ramalhete, located in the coastal lagoon and Natural Park of Ria Formosa (Southern Portugal). Type locality. Southwestern Iberian Peninsula: Ramalhete, near the town of Faro (Portugal, 37 º00’20.9”N, 07º 58 ’28.1”W, WGS 84 datum), at the Ria Formosa mesotidal coastal lagoon (Ria Formosa Natural Park), in an intertidal sandbank. Ecology. Intertidal sandbanks of very fine to coarse sand, and in meadows of Zostera noltii Hornemann, in coastal lagoons of the Gulf of Cádiz (Portugal and Spain). Adults were collected in Ramalhete (Faro, Portugal) between 1999 and 2003 throughout the whole year, whilst juveniles were only collected in the first half of the year (2 nd May 2000, 27th March 2001, 3rd July 2001, and 12 th June 2003) during the same period. Densities of the species in Ramalhete oscillated between 8.8 ind/m 2 (27 th November 2000) and 97.3 ind/m 2 (12 th June 2003). In Cabezuela (Cádiz, Spain) the species was recorded in the intertidal zone, in a Zostera noltii Hornemann meadow (as Zostera nana Roth) (Ibáñez 1972). Ibáñez (1973 b) references the species from five intertidal stations from Cabezuela (Cádiz, Spain) and Isla Cristina (Huelva, Spain), without giving more specific details about the locality of each station. One of the stations is located in a Zostera noltii Hornemann meadow (as Zostera nana Roth), and is probably the same station mentioned in Ibáñez (1972) from Cabezuela (Cádiz). The density of the species was stated to be 182 ind/m 2 at a station within well sorted very fine sand. However, figures of lower than 25 ind/m 2 at the other four stations were noted, within moderately to well sorted very fine sand (3 stations), and in moderately sorted coarse sand (1 station), in salinities ranging from 33.993 ‰ to 35.796 ‰. Distribution. Atlantic Ocean, Gulf of Cádiz, Southwestern Iberian Peninsula: Ramalhete, Ria Formosa (Faro, Portugal; type locality), Sandbank of Cabezuela (Cádiz, SW Spain; Ibañez 1972, 1973b), and Isla Cristina (Huelva, SW Spain; Ibañez 1973 a, 1973 b). Other earlier records from Portugal may also refer to O. farensis sp. nov., but need to be confirmed: Ria de Alvor (Dexter 1992; as Nothria geophiliformis), and Ria de Aveiro and/or Sado Estuary (Mucha & Costa 1999; as Onuphys geophyliformis). Intraspecific variability. The intraspecific variability of the main taxonomic characters of Onuphis farensis sp. nov. was analyzed in order to establish whether they are size related or subject to ontogenic variation, or if, contrary to that, are constant and reliable good diagnostic characters of the species (fig. 6). For the analyses the size of the worms was expressed through the Size Index as defined by Orensanz (1990) (see Material and Methods section). The taxonomic characters analysed were: the first branchiate chaetiger (BRA), first chaetiger with pectinate chaetae (PEC), number of chaetigers with pseudocompound hooks (PH), chaetigers with postchaetal lobes (PL), first chaetiger with subacicular hooks (SH), and number of chaetigers possessing ventral cirri (VC). Figure 6 A shows the results for all characters occurring in the first 9 chaetigers, i.e. BRA, PEC, PH, SH and VC. BRA was constant throughout the set of analysed specimens, always starting on chaetiger 5. SH showed almost no variation, starting in general on chaetiger 9 (with the exception of 3 juveniles discussed above, on which they first appear in only one of the parapodia of chaetiger 8, but are present in both parapodia of chaetiger 9). As in other smaller juveniles the SH was also chaetiger 9, these 3 exceptions represent probably anomalous specimens. PH and VC were normally present in the first 4 chaetigers, but in younger and smaller juveniles were only present in the first 3, which seems to represent an ontogenic variation. Finally, PEC is the character that showed greatest variation. Pectinate chaetae are normally present in adults from chaetiger 5, but in two adults they were first detected only in chaetiger 6. This could be due to: the absence of the chaetae in chaetiger 5, to its secondary loss in this chaetiger, or its presence being undetected. In very small juveniles however pectinate chaetae were absent, but when first present they appear first in chaetigers 6 or 7, and finally in chaetiger 5, a variation that seems to be related with the ontogeny of the species. The relation between the number of chaetigers with postchaetal lobes (PL) and the Size Index is pictured in figure 6 B. In this case the variability is larger, but there is a significant correlation (p <0.05) between the size of the worms as expressed by Orensanz’s Size Index and PL. Besides being size dependent, the bigger variability of this character can also be affected by the subjectivity of the observer deciding in which chaetiger they end, as postchaetal lobes decrease progressively in length before disappearing completely. Moreover, the fixation process and the different status in contraction of the specimens can also affect the shape of this structure. For this reason, the number of chaetigers with postchaetal lobes has a limited value, as a diagnostic character for the new species, and by extension, should also be avoided when characterizing other Onuphis species. The poor taxonomic value of the PL character was first suggested by Fauchald (1982 b), and is herein confirmed. Remarks. Onuphis farensis sp. nov. is the only species in the genus to possess both branchiae from chaetiger 5 and subacicular hooks from chaetiger 9 (see table 1). While some younger juveniles may not have pseudocompound hooks on the fourth chaetiger, this is a typical character of adults of this species. The presence of branchiae from chaetiger 5 and subacicular hooks from chaetiger 9 does not vary in juvenile specimens either, and therefore at the present date this is adequate to characterize the species. Three of the studied juveniles were aberrant by showing subacicular hooks on the 8 th chaetiger, but only in one of the sides of the segment, being present in the two parapodia from chaetiger 9 onwards. Onuphis farensis sp. nov. was previously recorded and described by Ibáñez (1972), as Onuphis (Nothria) geophiliformis (Moore, 1903), based on specimens from the sandbank of Cabezuela (Puerto Real, Bay of Cádiz, SW Spain), an environment similar to the Ria Formosa, but nowadays highly modified. The same author (Ibáñez 1973 a, 1973 b) recorded O. geophiliformis from Isla Cristina (Huelva, SW Spain), but without giving further details on the morphology of the specimens. Onuphis geophiliformis was originally described by Moore (1903, as Nothria), based on specimens collected north of Sendai Bay (Pacific Ocean off Japan), at 113 meters deep. Early posterior descriptions were provided first by Uschakov (1955, 1965), and later by Day (1960, 1967), in this case using newly collected material from South Africa. This resulted in a broadened definition of the species which fitted the specimens studied by Ibáñez (1972, from the Bay of Cádiz), particularly when using the available dicothomic keys from Uschakov (1965) and Day (1967). Fauchald (1982 b) redescribed the species based on the type material, restricting its definition once more. Thus, it became evident that the populations from the Bay of Cádiz and Ria Formosa, and those from South Africa, TABLE 1. Synoptic table of valid species of the genus Onuphis, showing selected morphological characters and type locality. Abbreviations: +, presence; ant., anterior; bi, bidentate; branch., branchiae or branchial; digit., digitiform; inter., interparapodial; max., maximum; no., number; papil., papilla; pect., pectinate; postset., postchaetal; pseud., pseudocompound; refs., references; set., chaetiger; spec., specimens; subac., subacicular; tetra, tetradentate; tri, tridentate). References: 1 — Hilbig 1995; 2 — Maekawa & Hayashi 1999; 3 — Fauchald 1982 b; 4 — Fauchald 1982 a; 5 — Castelli 1982; 6 — Ibáñez 1972; 7 — Imajima 1986; 8 — Maekawa & Hayashi 1989; 9 — Shisko 1981; 10 — Pettibone 1963; 11 — Hobson 1971; 12 — Claparède 1868; 13 — Claparède 1869; 14 — Claparède 1870; 15 — Orensanz 1990; 16 — Tan & Chou 1998; 17 — Shen 1987. Ant. set. w/ Ant. set. w/ digit. Set. w/ Teeth in pseud. hooks Branch. from set. Max. no. branch. Subac. hooks Start pect. set. ……continued on the next page TABLE 1. (Continued) Ant. set. w/ Ant. set. w/ digit. Set. w/ pseud. Teeth in pseud. hooks Branch. from set. Max. no. branch. filaments Subac. hooks from Start pect. set. (no. vent. cirri postset. lobes hooks set. teeth) longisetosa Imajima, 5 about 30 5 bi+tri 1 2 10 +(13–15) (shorter from set. (in all set.) (up to set. 23–32, 1) 20) mexicana (Fauchald, 5 about 13 5 tri 3–5 1 12–14 + (13–15) ) (usually 4) (usually 13) multiannulata 6 about 47 5 bi + tri 1 up to 3 10 + (13) Shisko, 1981 nakaoi Maekawa & 5 10 5 bi + tri 1 2 (2 after set. 35) 10 + (11) Hayashi, 1999 nonpectinata 4 10 3 tri 5 1 11 –12 notpresent Imajima, 1986 opalina (Verrill, 6 10–13 4–5 tri 1 1 12 –15 + (12) ) (range 5–7) (usually 13 or 14) pallida (Moore, 4 12 4 tri 4 1 16 +(15–20) ) pancerii Claparède,?? 2 bi+tri 1 5–6 9 + (about 20) (up to set. 16, 1) pseudoiridescens 4–6 11–12 3–4 tri 1 1 12 –15 +(12–14) Averincev, 1972 (sometimes tetra) (sometimes 2–4) punggolensis Tan & 6 or 7 14 3 tri 1 4 10 4 (10–11) , 1998 (set. 1–16, 1; after, up to 4) rullieriana 5 or 6 12 4 tri 1 1 12 –14 +(15) Amoureux, 1977) (3 in one specimen) shijikiensis Maekawa 5 10 + 3 bi+tri 1 4 10 +(13) Hayashi, 1999 (from set. 25) shirikishinaiensis 7 16–30 7 bi+tri 1 1 11 –14 +(16) Imajima, 1960) (first 3 or 4 only tri; 4–7 (absent on last 40) mainly bi) similis (Fauchald, 6 9 4 tri 6 1 8 or 9 + (10) ) taraba Maekawa & 5 11–12 4 tri 4 1 11 –13 +(16) Hayashi, 1989 tetradentata 4–5 10 4 tri+tetra 4–5 1 12 +(13–15) Imajima, 1986 (set. 1–3, tetra; set. 4, tri) texana Fauchald, 6 10 2 bi 1 3 10 +(9) (first 18–20, 1; next 10, 2; than, 2–3) tosaensis Maekawa 6 13 3 tri 1 4 10 +(10) Hayashi, 1999 (4 from set. 19) variolata Shen, 1987 6 10 + 8 bi + tri 1 up to 4 10 +(8) (shorter from set. (4 at set. 19–30) 4–5) vibex (Fauchald, 6 8 or 9 5 tri 4 1 13 +(10) ) (lowermost tooth of some hooks furcate) wakasaensis 5 14 4 tri+tetra 4 1 13 +(18) Maekawa & Hayashi, (set. 2, 1 tri + 2 tetra; set. 3, 3 tetra; set. 4, 1 tetra) ……continued on the next page Inter. papil. Maxillary formula Tube Type locality Refs.. affinis Hilbig, 1995? MI: 1 + 1, MII: 7–9 + 8–10, MIII: 9 +0, MIV:? Central California, Pacific Ocean, 985 m 1 7–8 + 11, MV: 1 + 1 . amasukaensis Maekawa & Hayashi,? MI: 1 + 1, MII: 7 + 7, MIII: 7 +0, MIV: 5 + 8,? Japan, East China Sea, intertidal 2 1999 MV: 1 + 1 . aucklandiensis Augener, 1924 ??? off New Zealand, Pacific Ocean, 27 m 3. branchiata Treadwell, 1931? MI: 1 + 1, MII: 8 + 9, MIII: 8 +0, MIV: 6 + 6,? Philippine Islands, Pacific Ocean, 193 m 3 MV: 1 + 1 . chinensis Uschakov & Wu, 1962 no MI: 1 + 1, MII: 8 + 9, MIII: 7 +0 MIV: 7 + 10,? Yell
The Politics of Famine in Ethiopia
No full textIn attempting to explain the causes of famine, the literature on famine points to different factors. This list of causes includes: drought; neo-Malthusian population growth; environmental degradation; limited technology; capitalist development, or the lack of it; the nature of the state, blamed either for lack of intervention or, on the contrary, for too much intervention; and, war.
However, to attempt to determine how causation of famine might be quantitatively apportioned between the different factors listed in the debates on causes of famine is of
limited value, precisely because the different factors that promote famine - drought, environmental degradation, economic decline, war - are inextricably intertwined and
interact with one another. Moreover, famine is not simply predetermined by the factors that the debate on causes itemizes. People's own actions and what people choose to do
also shapes the outcome and future strategies for survival.
The concern of this thesis is with famine in the case study areas, but our concern is not with debating the causes of famine as much as with identifying consequences. We
examine the effects of the array of forces on people's strategies for survival in the research areas during and after the drought and famine of the mid-1980's. We describe
the different strategies pursued by people in the study areas in the circumstances that existed during the drought and famine of the mid-1980's; and then discuss the
consequences of those actions for people's ability to recover and for people's future survival strategies.
The empirical data are based on two case studies carried out over a 6 month period from late October 1991 to end April 1992 in the Kallu area of southern Wollo. Wallo is the
province that was hit hardest by famine during 1984/5 and in 1972/4. In documenting the resource base in which people in the study areas sought to survive, our findings
challenge commonly held assumptions about the effects of the 1975 Land Reform, the nature of Peasant Associations, and the nature of gender relations. The findings on the
consequences of people's responses during the drought and famine of the mid-1980's indicate that we need to reconsider the issue of what is meant by the notion of 'coping', so central to much of the literature on famine survival strategies
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