424 research outputs found
Education through Novel - A Study on Revenge Stories in Yuewei Thatched Cottage Notes
No full textThe Yuewei Thatched Cottage Notes written by Ji Yun in his old age is as well-known as “Strange Tales of Liaozhai
.” It is a novel for “admonishing people, increasing knowledge, and conducting textual research.” Lu Xun praised
it as “The book used supernatural beings to imply all the social phenomena and the author used the perspectives of ghost spirit to express his own opinion.” In addition to the disclosure of many local customs and practices, scenery
, historic monuments, and the description of textual criticism on historical events, which could help increase knowledge, the meanings of the stories about supernatural beings could further educate and admonish people. Revenge is a natural instinct of people and owing to the influence of historical cause, the Confucian revenge concept “repaying injustice with justice” strongly influenced people since ancient times. However, during the reign of Emperors Qianlong and Jiaqing, the heyday started to decline. The corruption of officials and extreme disparity between the rich and the poor led to a lot of wrongful imprisonment and the oppression of people. Under the long-term imbalanced circumstance, the vengeance of people in pursuit of fairness and justice rose. Yuewei Thatched Cottage Notes included 1196 articles and approximately 10% of them were revenge stories. The reason for writing such a large number of revenge stories deserved investigation.
Based on past studies, the study uses text analysis to investigate Yuewei Thatched Cottage Notes from the perspective of revenge. An in-depth investigation i performed to understand the reason why Ji Yun wrote revenge stories. The investigation is divided into seven chapters for analysis: Chapter 1 introduces the research motives and purposes, and summarizes past studies. Chapter 2 traces the motives of vengeance, describes the social and literature background when Ji Yun wrote the Yuewei Thatched Cottage Notes, and investigates the internal and external factors which aroused vengeance. Chapters 3 and 4 analyze the revenge motives from the revenge consciousness of different subjects and the implied meanings of the author. Chapter 5 presents the methods of revenge, and analyzes and investigates them according to their regularity. Chapter 6 investigates the meaning of Ji Yun's promotion of revenge concept and literary value of the book. The educational implied meanings in the text are summarized to present the ideal of the subjects who took revenges. Chapter 7 analyzes the contribution of Yuewei Thatched Cottage Notes to the succession and development of mythical stories in the Six Dynasties, and sums up the educational function of different
schools of thought.
The study investigates the social and cultural background during the reign of Emperors Qianlong and Jiaqing based on the investigation on the revenge stories of Yuewei Thatched Cottage Notes. It also discusses how Ji Yuan used the writing of revenge stories to express his expectation of social justice, fairness, and ethical rectification. Moreover, it probes into how he used different revenge methods to rectify social norm and promoted the idea that the meaning of revenge concept was relied on four aspects, the concern over the equality of people, the attention to the real accomplishment of noblemen, the pursuit of officials of just, and the promotion of rational revenge. It could be inferred that Jin Yun wrote revenge stories in order to promote the educational meaning of eliminating the evil and promoting the good in the hope that the social orders could be restored, and people's mind could be opened to care for those in need. To sum up, the study enriches the research on the book Yuewei Thatched Cottage Notes from the perspective of the revenge of the subjects.紀昀晚年所作的《閱微草堂筆記》與《聊齋誌異》齊名，是一部「寓勸懲、廣見聞、資考證」的小說，魯迅稱其：「凡測鬼神之情狀，發人間之幽微，托狐鬼以抒己見者」，揭示書中除有許多風土人物、山川古蹟、史蹟考證可長見聞的描寫之外，更有談狐說鬼、寄寓勸懲之教化意義存乎其中。復仇是人自有的本能反應，在歷史因緣下，儒家「以直報怨」的復仇觀自古根植人心，而乾嘉時期是清朝由盛轉衰的時期，吏治腐敗、貧富懸殊甚大，產生許多冤獄與備受壓迫的人民，長期處在失衡的情況，人民追求公平的復仇之心自然而起。《閱微草堂筆記》凡一千一百九十六則，復仇故事約占十分之一，可謂存量豐富，其大量書寫復仇故事的意圖何在？頗值得探勘。
本論文冀能在前人專論的研究基礎上，以文本分析法為主，從復仇的角度切入《閱微草堂筆記》，深入探討紀昀書寫復仇故事的意義，共分七章進行分析：首章介紹研究動機、目的，並對前人的研究進行概述；第二章從復仇心理的產生動機進行溯源，以及紀昀述寫《閱微草堂筆記》時的社會、文學背景，從復仇思想產生的內外緣因素進行探討；第三、四章從為己及為他人兩類復仇動機分析不同類型主體的復仇意識及作者所寄託的意蘊；第五章為復仇方式之呈現，根據復仇方式的常規性與否，進行分析探討；第六章探討紀昀宣揚復仇觀念的意義與文學價值，先歸納分析文本中的教化寓意，呈現復仇主題表現的理想；再分析《閱微草堂筆記》對六朝志怪小說的傳承與發展，並歸納各家對其教化功能之論述。
本論文藉由《閱微草堂筆記》復仇故事之研究，探討乾嘉時期的社會文化背景，以及紀昀透過復仇故事表現出他對公平正義的追求與匡正倫理、社會風氣的期望，以各種不同復仇方式來匡正社會風氣，並宣揚復仇觀念之意義在於對庶物平等的關懷、重視君子的真實修養、追求公正吏治以及宣揚合理復仇四方面，豁顯紀昀藉復仇故事寄予除暴揚善的教化意圖，以期恢復良好社會秩序，顯發其思想之開闊與關懷弱者之心。歸結之，本研究從復仇主題的面向豐富《閱微草堂筆記》一書之研究。摘要......................................................I
英文摘要.................................................II
目次.....................................................IV
表次...................................................VIII
圖次..................................................... X
第一章 緒論........................................... 1
第一節 研究動機與目的................................. 1
第二節 前人研究成果概述............................... 3
一、《閱微草堂筆記》相關研究.......................... 4
二、復仇觀相關之研究.................................. 9
第三節 研究範圍、方法與章節架構....................... 12
一、研究範圍.......................................... 12
二、研究方法.......................................... 13
三、章節架構.......................................... 14
第二章《閱微草堂筆記》復仇思想淵源探究................ 16
第一節 復仇心理之探討................................. 16
第二節 傳統儒家思想之影響與流衍....................... 21
第三節 復仇敘寫應合的時代背景......................... 26
一、執法者的貪瀆與腐敗................................ 27
二、階層體制下的人民.................................. 29
第四節 紀昀復仇小說創作的文化背景..................... 31
一、鬼狐之說盛行的時代氛圍............................ 32
二、獲罪遭遣與赦還後的心境轉變........................ 34
三、儒家「仁者愛人」之心的體現........................ 36
第三章 為己復仇之動機類型分析......................... 39
第一節 女性為己復仇................................... 39
一、向施虐者復仇...................................... 39
(一) 妾之復仇......................................... 40
(二) 婢之復仇......................................... 41
二、向汙損貞節者復仇.................................. 43
(一) 以身抗暴者的復仇................................. 44
(二) 名譽受污者的復仇................................. 46
三、向不公幕僚復仇 .....................................49
四、向負心漢復仇...................................... 50
第二節 鬼神為己復仇................................... 52
一、鬼魂為己復仇...................................... 55
(一) 向殺身者復仇..................................... 55
(二) 向不貞婦復仇..................................... 57
(三) 向不敬者復仇..................................... 61
(四) 向報復過度者復仇................................. 63
(五) 其他 ..............................................65
二、神靈為己復仇...................................... 66
第三節 異類為己復仇................................... 69
一、狐精為己復仇...................................... 69
(一) 向偽狐者復仇..................................... 73
(二) 向辱狐者復仇..................................... 75
(三) 向虐狐者復仇..................................... 79
二、動物為己復仇...................................... 83
第四章 為他人復仇之動機類型分析....................... 90
第一節 為血親復仇..................................... 90
一、脫離禮法約束的血親復仇............................ 94
二、禮法約束之下的血親復仇............................ 98
第二節 俠義復仇....................................... 102
一、為恩主復仇........................................ 107
二、為朋友復仇........................................ 109
三、為素不相識者復仇.................................. 111
第五章《閱微草堂筆記》復仇方式探微.................... 117
第一節 神異性復仇..................................... 117
一、變形復仇.......................................... 117
(一) 驚嚇傷害......................................... 118
1. 變形驚嚇........................................... 119
2. 變形傷害........................................... 122
(二) 附身............................................. 126
1. 附身當事人使其自陳罪過或懲戒....................... 126
2. 藉附身第三者告發................................... 129
(三) 戲弄 ..............................................131
二、法術示警復仇...................................... 135
三、揭惡復仇.......................................... 138
第二節 非神異性復仇................................... 140
一、武取復仇.......................................... 140
二、智取復仇.......................................... 143
第三節 訴諸道德法律復仇............................... 145
一、陰間審判復仇...................................... 146
二、因果輪迴復仇...................................... 148
第六章 紀昀復仇觀念的意義與文學價值................... 153
第一節 紀昀復仇觀念的意義............................. 153
一、庶物平等的關懷 .....................................153
(一) 肯定女性弱者的復仇............................... 154
(二) 珍惜異類的生命與尊嚴............................. 157
二、重視君子的真實修養................................ 160
三、追求公正吏治...................................... 164
四、宣揚合理復仇...................................... 165
(一) 懲奸除惡之必要................................... 165
(二) 展現仁心於適度復仇的主張......................... 167
第二節 《閱微草堂筆記》復仇故事的文學價值............. 170
一、《閱微草堂筆記》復仇故事的形式：對六朝志怪小說的復歸與發展.....................................................170
(一) 體製復歸六朝..................................... 170
(二) 筆法「尚質黜華，追蹤晉宋」....................... 175
1. 記錄見聞，客觀敘事................................. 175
2. 敘事簡潔，文字質樸................................. 177
二、《閱微草堂筆記》復仇故事的意義：以教化為目的...... 179
第七章 結論........................................... 185
參考目錄暨徵引資料 ....................................189
一、【古書專著】(依時代先後為序)...................... 189
二、【今人專著】(依作者姓氏筆劃為序).................. 190
三、【譯書】(先依國籍，後依作者姓氏筆劃為序).......... 192
四、【學位論文】(依作者姓氏筆劃為序).................. 193
五、【期刊】(依作者姓氏筆劃為序)...................... 195
附錄 ：《閱微草堂筆記》復仇類型與故事大要一覽表....... 19
Non-local methods for DNA detection and image restoration
No full textMany methods have been developed for abnormal linear systems. However, these methods often assume locality for datasets; thus the features of the data cannot be extracted most efficiently to formulate models, which can lead to the loss of information and incorrect results. To overcome the disadvantages of locality methods, we develop new adaptive non-local data analysis methods for two kinds of linear systems and apply the methods to two applications: component detection in multiplexed Raman spectra and image restoration. The first application, which was a project sponsored by Renishaw, involves the detection of component dyes from an observed DNA spectrum. The second application is to approximate original scenes from observed images degraded by blurring and noise. In contrast to pointwise methods, our methods investigate patches or neighbourhoods in datasets and extract features from these patches for discrimination and denoising through correlation analysis of the similarity of patches. Inthisthesis, our methods are developed by combining non-local data analysis with many popular traditional algorithms, such as model selection with the maximum p-value, conjugate gradient descent and the iteration method of higher convergence order; therefore, our methods are general and can be utilised for further applications to other image processing problems
Large scale Monte Carlo simulation of crossflow membrane filtration for removal of particulate materials
No full textMembrane separation has emerged as a cost competitive, viable, and alternative way to achieve high quality effluent in comparison to conventional methods for drinking and industrial water production and also water reuse. However, membrane fouling, caused by deposition of suspended and dissolved solids, results in decreased performance of the filtration, especially a decline in permeate flux through the membrane. Membrane fouling can be minimized by chemical modification of the membrane surface, periodic backwashing/cleaning, and optimum operational conditions. Critical flux, which is defined as the flux below which no fouling occurs, is becoming a crucially important concept related to optimum operation. Several methods were used to experimentally measure the critical flux, including direct observation through membrane, mass balance, and flux-pressure observations. In this study, a large-scale Monte Carlo simulation method for crossflow membrane filtration to remove particulate materials is developed to investigate dynamic particle structures associated with the critical flux. This computational study is performed on a parallel computer platform via message passing interface (MPI). Dominant mechanisms of particle transport, including Brownian and shear-induced diffusion, are incorporated and unified into an effective hydrodynamic force acting on hard spheres in the concentrated shear flow. Biased probability distribution, including tangential and normal biases, is used in the Monte Carlo simulations. Critical fluxes are first visually estimated by observing particle configurations, and they are in a good agreement with experimental observations done by multiple researchers with various operational conditions. Effects of shear rate and particle size on the critical flux are also investigated using this force-biased Monte Carlo simulation method, which shows that repulsive particles lead to higher critical flux compared to that of hard sphere particles. Variance of the particle distribution is proposed to be an order parameter, and its second order derivative is used to estimate the critical flux. The simulated critical fluxes are in good agreement with those of experimental results using the particle mass balance method.M.S
Ann Occup Hyg
No full textThis study aims to elucidate variations in head-and-face shape among the Chinese civilian workers. Most respirator manufacturers are using outdated, Western anthropometric data to design respirators for the Chinese workers. Therefore, newly acquired anthropometric data specific to the Chinese population are needed to create more effective personal protective equipment. The three-dimensional (3D) head scans of 350 participants, who were selected from the 3000 participants in the 2006 Chinese Anthropometric Survey, were processed using geometric processing techniques. Each scan was then linked with the others, making statistical shape analysis on a dense set of 3D points possible. Furthermore, this provided for the reduction of scan noise as well as for the patching of holes. Following general scan correspondence and fine tuning, principal component analysis was used to analyze the variability in head-and-face shape of the 3D images. More than 90% of the variability among head-and-face shapes was accounted for with 26 principal components. Future study is recommended so the overall usefulness of the point cloud-based approach for the quantification of variations in facial morphology may be determined.CC999999/Intramural CDC HHSUnited States
J Occup Environ Hyg
No full textFifteen subjects underwent three replicates of quantitative respirator fit-testing with N95 filtering facepiece respirators that were donned with the upper strap high on the occiput, as per the manufacturers' donning instructions. Each fit-test was immediately followed by repeat fit-testing with the upper strap downwardly displaced to the level of the ear sulcus to determine any change in fit factors that might occur with upper strap downward slippage. A total of 35/45 (78%) initial fit-tests had a passing score (fit factor 65 100) with the top strap high on the occiput and 33/35 (94%) of these passed subsequent fit-testing after the top strap was displaced downward to the ear sulcus. Geometric mean fit factors for the initial passed fit-tests, and following downward strap displacement, were 217 \ub1 1.6 and 207 \ub1 1.9, respectively (p = 0.64). Downward displacement of the top strap did not significantly impact fit factors of N95 FFRs that had previously passed fit-testing.DTN0/Intramural CDC HHS/United State
Ann Occup Hyg
No full textFiltering facepiece respirators (FFRs) and elastomeric half-mask respirators (EHRs) are commonly used by workers for protection against potentially hazardous particles, including engineered nanoparticles. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the performance of these types of respirators against 10-400 nm particles using human subjects exposed to NaCl aerosols under simulated workplace activities. Simulated workplace protection factors (SWPFs) were measured for eight combinations of respirator models (2 N95 FFRs, 2 P100 FFRs, 2 N95 EHRs, and 2 P100 EHRs) worn by 25 healthy test subjects (13 females and 12 males) with varying face sizes. Before beginning a SWPF test for a given respirator model, each subject had to pass a quantitative fit test. Each SWPF test was performed using a protocol of six exercises for 3 min each: (i) normal breathing, (ii) deep breathing, (iii) moving head side to side, (iv) moving head up and down, (v) bending at the waist, and (vi) a simulated laboratory-vessel cleaning motion. Two scanning mobility particle sizers were used simultaneously to measure the upstream (outside the respirator) and downstream (inside the respirator) test aerosol; SWPF was then calculated as a ratio of the upstream and downstream particle concentrations. In general, geometric mean SWPF (GM-SWPF) was highest for the P100 EHRs, followed by P100 FFRs, N95 EHRs, and N95 FFRs. This trend holds true for nanoparticles (10-100 nm), larger size particles (100-400 nm), and the 'all size' range (10-400 nm). All respirators provided better or similar performance levels for 10-100 nm particles as compared to larger 100-400 nm particles. This study found that class P100 respirators provided higher SWPFs compared to class N95 respirators (P 10) against all particle size ranges tested.20152017-07-11T00:00:00ZCC999999/Intramural CDC HHS/United States26180261PMC55045191061
J Occup Environ Hyg
No full textInter-panel variability has never been investigated. The objective of this study was to determine the variability between different anthropometric panels used to determine the inward leakage (IL) of N95 filtering facepiece respirators (FFRs) and elastomeric half-mask respirators (EHRs). A total of 144 subjects, who were both experienced and non-experienced N95 FFR users, were recruited. Five N95 FFRs and five N95 EHRs were randomly selected from among those models tested previously in our laboratory. The PortaCount Pro+ (without N95-Companion) was used to measure IL of the ambient particles with a detectable size range of 0.02 to 1 \u3bcm. The Occupational Safety and Health Administration standard fit test exercises were used for this study. IL test were performed for each subject using each of the 10 respirators. Each respirator/subject combination was tested in duplicate, resulting in a total 20 IL tests for each subject. Three 35-member panels were randomly selected without replacement from the 144 study subjects stratified by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health bivariate panel cell for conducting statistical analyses. The geometric mean (GM) IL values for all 10 studied respirators were not significantly different among the three randomly selected 35-member panels. Passing rate was not significantly different among the three panels for all respirators combined or by each model. This was true for all IL pass/fail levels of 1%, 2%, and 5%. Using 26 or more subjects to pass the IL test, all three panels had consistent passing/failing results for pass/fail levels of 1% and 5%. Some disagreement was observed for the 2% pass/fail level. Inter-panel variability exists, but it is small relative to the other sources of variation in fit testing data. The concern about inter-panel variability and other types of variability can be alleviated by properly selecting: pass/fail level (IL 1-5%); panel size (e.g., 25 or 35); and minimum number of subjects required to pass (e.g., 26 of 35 or 23 of 35).CC999999/Intramural CDC HHSUnited States
Porous Graphitic Carbon Nitride Synthesized via Directly Polymerization of Urea for Efficient Sunlight-driven Photocatalytic Hydrogen Production,
No full text<p>Energy captured directly from sunlight provides an attractive approach towards fulfilling the need for green energy resources on the terawatt scale with minimal environmental impact. Collecting and storing solar energy into fuel through photocatalyzed water splitting to generate hydrogen in a cost-effective way is desirable. To achieve this goal, low cost and environmentally benign urea was used to synthesize the metal-free photocatalyst graphitic carbon nitride (g-C<sub><font size="2">3</font></sub>N<sub><font size="2">4</font></sub>). A porous structure is achieved <em>via</em> one-step polymerization of the single precursor. The porous structure with increased BET surface area and pore volume shows a much higher hydrogen production rate under simulated sunlight irradiation than thiourea-derived and dicyanamide-derived g-C<sub><font size="2">3</font></sub>N<sub><font size="2">4</font></sub>. The presence of an oxygen atom is presumed to play a key role in adjusting the textural properties. Further improvement of the photocatalytic function can be expected with after-treatment due to its rich chemistry in functionalization.</p><br /
Annual Review of the World Pheasant Association 1994/1995
No full textEditor\u27s preface, David Jenkins
President\u27s foreword, Cheng Tso-hsin
Annual report of Council 1994/95
Chapter reports
Pheasant Specialist Group, Peter J. Garson
Habitats used by Elliot\u27s Pheasant in the Leigong Mountain Nature Reserve, Ding Ping, Yang Yuewei, Liang Wei, Jiang Shiren, and Zhuge Yang
Distribution and conservation status of galliforms in the Gaoligongshan Region, Han Lianxian
Pipar report, Rahul Kaul
Partridge, Quail, and Francolin Specialsit Group, Simon D. Dowell
Ecological investigations of Chukar Partridge in northwest China, Liu Naifa
A field project to understand the habitat use of the Swamp Francolin in northern India, Perwez Iqbal, Philip J. K. McGowan, and Asad Rahmani
Grouse Specialist Group, Matt Ridley
Megapode Specialist Group, René W. R. J. Dekker
Captive Breeding Advisory Committee, Han Assink
Workshop for the conservation of wild and captive crested argus, Dang Gia Tun
A robust iterative algorithm for image restoration
No full textAbstract We present a new image restoration method by combining iterative VanCittert algorithm with noise reduction modeling. Our approach enables decoupling between deblurring and denoising during the restoration process, so allows any well-established noise reduction operator to be implemented in our model, independent of the VanCittert deblurring operation. Such an approach has led to an analytic expression for error estimation of the restored images in our method as well as simple parameter setting for real applications, both of which are hard to attain in many regularization-based methods. Numerical experiments show that our method can achieve good balance between structure recovery and noise reduction, and perform close to the level of the state of the art method and favorably compared to many other methods
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