404 research outputs found
Kvalitativ utvärdering av steg IV i Swe-LARSP
No full textBakgrund: Language Assessment, Remediation and Screening Procedure, LARSP, är ett kliniskt verktyg för att utföra grammatiska analyser av spontantal hos barn med språkliga svårigheter. Än så länge finns inget normerat och standardiserat verktyg för bedömning av spontantal inom svensk logopedisk verksamhet, men en första anpassning av LARSP-protokollet har nyligen gjorts till svenska, Swe-LARSP (Rosenberg & Mellenius, 2016). Swe-LARSP bygger på tidigare empirisk forskning kring typisk språkutveckling hos svenskspråkiga barn, men har ännu inte utvärderats och testats mot spontantal hos svenska barn. Syfte: Denna studies syfte var att kvalitativt utvärdera steg IV i Swe-LARSP samt att praktiskt utvärdera användandet av Swe-LARSP. Metod: Spontantalsdata samlades in genom inspelningar av 8 normalspråkiga barn i åldern 2;5–3;0 år på fyra olika förskolor i Umeå kommun. Materialet transkriberades och genomgick en grammatisk analys enligt riktlinjer för LARSP. Vidare jämfördes strukturerna i Swe-LARSP-protokollet mot strukturerna som framkom i barnens yttranden. Resultat: Resultatet av den grammatiska analysen visade på sju frekvent förekommande strukturer som inte finns placerade i Swe-LARSP samt fyra redan befintliga strukturer med låg förekomst bland barnen. Resterande strukturer på steg IV yttrades av en majoritet av barnen. En struktur, placerad i steg V, förekom även hos en majoritet av barnen i studien. Slutsatser: LARSP är ett tidskrävande verktyg och kräver relativt djupgående förkunskaper, men ger en tydlig profil över barnets grammatiska förmåga. Strukturerna i steg IV i Swe-LARSP, som första anpassning, stämmer överens med barnens språk till stor del. Studien har visat att ytterligare strukturer kan behöva läggas till och några av de befintliga tas bort, alternativt placeras om i det befintliga protokollet för att bättre ringa in centrala grammatiska drag i språket hos svenska barn i åldern 2;6–3;0 år
Consistency in the AMSR-E snow products: groundwork for a coupled snowfall and SWE algorithm
No full text2019 Fall.Includes bibliographical references.Snow is an important wintertime property because it is a source of freshwater, regulates land-atmosphere exchanges, and increases the surface albedo of snow-covered regions. Unfortunately, in-situ observations of both snowfall and snow water equivalent (SWE) are globally sparse and point measurements are not representative of the surrounding area, especially in mountainous regions. The total amount of land covered by snow, which is climatologically important, is fairly straightforward to measure using satellite remote sensing. The total SWE is hydrologically more useful, but significantly more difficult to measure. Accurately measuring snowfall and SWE is an important first step toward a better understanding of the impacts snow has for hydrological and climatological purposes. Satellite passive microwave retrievals of snow offer potential due to consistent overpasses and the capability to make measurements during the day, night, and cloudy conditions. However, passive microwave snow retrievals are less mature than precipitation retrievals and have been an ongoing area of research. Exacerbating the problem, communities that remotely sense snowfall and SWE from passive microwave sensors have historically operated independently while the accuracy of the products has suffered because of the physical and radiometric dependency between the two. In this study, we assessed the relationship between the Northern Hemisphere snowfall and SWE products from the Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer - Earth Observing System (AMSR-E). This assessment provides insight into regimes that can be used as a starting point for future improvements using coupled snowfall and SWE algorithm. SnowModel, a physically-based snow evolution modeling system driven by the Modern-Era Retrospective analysis for Research and Applications, Version 2 (MERRA-2) reanalysis, was employed to consistently compare snowfall and SWE by accounting for snow evolution. SnowModel has the ability to assimilate observed SWE values to scale the amount of snow that must have fallen to match the observed SWE. Assimilation was performed using AMSR-E, Canadian Meteorological Centre (CMC) Snow Analysis, and Snow Data Assimilation System (SNODAS) SWE to infer the required snowfall for each dataset. Observed AMSR-E snowfall and SWE were then compared to the MERRA-2 snowfall and SnowModel-produced SWE as well as SNODAS and CMC inferred snowfall and observed SWE. Results from the study showed significantly different snowfall and SWE bias patterns observed by AMSR-E. Specifically, snowfall was underestimated nearly globally and SWE had pronounced regions of over and underestimation. Snowfall and SWE biases were found to differ as a function of surface temperature, snow class, and elevation
Pollen Morphology of Six Herbaceous Species (Rubiaceae)
No full textPollen morphology of one species of Mitracarpus, Richardia and four species of Spermacoce were studied in the present paper. The specimens were collected from Pyin Oo Lwin Township and pollen recorded by using light microscope and photomicrographs. All of the grains were observed one type of aperture (colpate), exine sculpture (distinctly reticulate) and the shape in oblate type. The number of aperture (colpi) are varied in the studied species. The size of the pollen were small, medium or large. The classification of pollen morphology has been described on the basis of shape, size, apertures, sculpture patterns and pollen wall stratification
Validity and reliability of the Swedish version of the Children’s Sleep Habits Questionnaire (CSHQ-SWE)
No full textBackground: To translate and culturally adapt the Children’s Sleep Habits Questionnaire (CSHQ) to a Swedish version, CSHQ-SWE, and to assess its validity and reliability for use with children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Methods: A total of 84 children with ADHD (51 boys and 33 girls; 6–12 years) and parents (7 men and 77 women; 28–51 years) were included in the study. CSHQ was translated and culturally adapted to Swedish, and assessed for concurrent validity with sleep actigraphy (analyzed by Kendall’s Tau) and for reliability by internal consistency (analyzed by McDonald’s Omega H). Face and content validity was evaluated by parents (n = 4) and healthcare professionals (n = 6) qualitatively (comprehensiveness, relevance, and comprehensibility assessed by interviews and analyzed by thematic analysis) and quantitatively (analyzed by content validity ratio and content validity index for 33 items and four non-scored inquiries). Results: Parent-reported sleep problems (CSHQ-SWE total score) were moderately correlated with less “Sleep Efficiency” (Tau = −0.305; p < 0.001) measured by sleep actigraphy. Parent-reported problems with “Sleep Onset Delay” was moderately correlated with measured time for ”Sleep Onset Latency” (Tau = 0.433; p < 0.001). Parent-reported problems with “Night Wakings” were weakly correlated with measured time for “Wake After Sleep Onset” (Tau = 0.282; p < 0.001). Parents estimation of “Total daily sleep duration” was moderately correlated with measured “Total Sleep Time” (Tau = 0.386; p < 0.001). Five of the seven subscales reached an acceptable level for internal consistency (McDonald’s Omega H > 0.700). Comprehensiveness, relevance, and comprehensibility of CSHQ-SWE were satisfactory overall. Content validity ratio was 0.80 to 1.00 for six items, 0.00 to 0.60 for 22 items, and < 0.00 for nine items. Content validity index was 0.22. Conclusions: CSHQ-SWE demonstrated acceptable concurrent validity with objectively measured sleep and internal consistency, whereas the overall results of face and content validity assessment varied. The instrument needs to be further evaluated regarding construct validity, responsiveness, test-retest reliability, and its generalization to other populations. © The Author(s) 2024</p
Pollen Morphology of Ten Species Found in Nyaung Myint Village, Meiktila Township
No full textThe pollen morphology of ten species found in Nyaungmyint village, Meiktila Township were studied. The plant specimens of 10 species belonging to 10 genera of 8 families were identified and classified. The pollen grains were prepared by the standard method described by Erdtman(1960). This collection record a family of basal angiosperms is Nymphaeaceae and 7 families of eudicots are Apocyanaceae, Boraginaceae, Capparaceae, Convolvulaceae, Malvaceae, Nyctaginaceae, Zygophyllaceae. The pollen units of ten species were found as polyads and monads. Polyads was occurred in only one species of Calotropic gigantea (L.) R. Br. and nine species were monads. The aperture types of pollen grains were found as porate and colporate. The pollen shapes are mostly occurred in spheroidal but rarely in oblate and prolate. The pollen grains sizes were small, medium, large and very large. The sculpture patterns of pollen grains were found as echinate, obscurely reticulate, retipilate and verrucate. An artificial key to the species was also constructed on the basic different palynological characters of pollen grains. The differences between pollen characters will support the identification and classification of species
The Gendered Impacts of Myanmar’s Responses to Human Trafficking
No full textTrafficking in women has become a challenging issue in Myanmar as it negatively effects not only the development of women but also that of the nation. Despite the government’s efforts to combat human trafficking targeted at women and girls, the impact on those people was limited as compared to men. This study attempts to highlight the main cause of the vulnerability of women and girls to trafficking in Myanmar. Further, the study seeks to explain why the measures implemented by the government fail to combat trafficking in women and girls. Findings from this study show that the main cause of women’s vulnerability to trafficking is gender inequality in the labor market which the government has failed to address. Also, the government’s preventive measures to curb the trafficking of women and girls were not gender responsive in that they restricted the migration of these groups of people. More specifically, though they provided more legal migration channels aimed at preventing illegal migration and human trafficking, they were still oriented towards men and limited women’s opportunities to legally migrate. As a result, women and girls still resorted to illegal channels that make them more vulnerable to trafficking. This study recommends measures that could help address the main cause of women and girls’ vulnerability to trafficking other than restricting and limiting the migration of women. In addition, it suggests that the government’s anti-trafficking measures should incorporate not only the provisions of the UNCTOC but also those of the CEDAW Convention in its policies and programs to effectively combat trafficking in women.;여성인신매매는 그것이 여성의 발전뿐만 아니라 국가의 발전에도 부정적으로 영향을 끼치기 때문에 미얀마에서 골치 거리가 되고 있다. 여성이나 소녀를 대상으로 하는 인신매매와 싸우기 위한 정부의 노력에도 불구하고, 남성들과 비교할 때 여성들에 대한 정부의 영향은 제한되어 있었다. 이 연구는 미얀마에서 인신매매되는 여성들과 소녀들의 취약성의 주된 원인을 밝히고자 한다. 더욱이, 이 연구는 정부에서 시행된 여성과 소녀들의 인신매매 대책이 왜 수포로 돌아가는지 설명고자 한다. 연구 결과는 인신매매에 대한 여성들의 취약성의 주된 이유 가 정부가 해결하지 못한 노동 시장의 남녀 불평등 때문임을 보여 준다. 또한, 여성과 소녀들의 인신매매를 억제하기 위해 정부의 예방조치는 여성들의 이동을 제한한다는 점에서 남성과 여성에게 동등한 영향을 끼치지 못하고 있다. 더 구체적으로 말하자면, 비록 정부가 불법 이주와 인신매매를 예방코자 좀 더 합법적인 이 주 채널을 제공했다고 할지라도, 정부는 여전히 남성위주로 기회를 제공하고 합법적으로 이주할 여성들의 기회를 제한했다. 결과적으로 성과 녀들은 전히 그들을 인신매매에 좀 더 취약하게 만드는 불법적인 채널에 기대 할 수 밖에 없었다. 이 연구는 여성들의 이주를 법적으로 금지하거나 제약하는 것 외에 인신매매에 대한 여성들의 취약성의 주된 이유를 해결하고자 돕는 대책을 제안한다. 게다가, 이 연구는 정부의 반 인신매매대책은 인신매매와 효과적으로 싸우기 위한 정책과 프로그램에 UNCTOC 의 대책뿐만 아니라, CEDAW 협정의 대책도 포함해야만 한다고 제안한다.I. INTRODUCTION 1
A. Conceptual Framework 8
II. LITERATURE REVIEW 10
A. Understanding Human Trafficking 10
1. Causes of Human Trafficking 14
B. Globalization, Migration and Traffickingm 17
C. Gender and Trafficking 21
D. Government’s Response to Human Trafficking: Prevention 26
III. BACKGROUND OF HUMAN TRAFFICKING SITUATION IN MYANMAR 31
A. Overview of the Human Trafficking Situation in Myanmar 31
B. Basic Structural Factors Impacting the Trafficking Situation in Myanmar 35
C. The Situation of Women in Myanmar 38
IV. THE CAUSES OF AND GOVERNMENT’S RESPONSES TO TRAFFICKING IN WOMEN IN MYANMAR 41
A. Migration of Women in Myanmar 41
B. Structural Causes of Trafficking in Women 43
C. Government’s Responses 52
1. The Two Significant Efforts at National Level 52
D. Limitations of the Government’s Responses 57
1. Gender Unresponsive Interventions 58
2. Prevention Measures under the Five Year National Plan of Action (NPA) 64
V. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS 74
A. Conclusion 74
B. Recommendations 77
REFERENCE 79
ABSTRACT IN KOREAN 8
Global re-analysis datasets to improve hydrological assessment and snow water equivalent estimation in a sub-Arctic watershed
No full textHydrological modelling in the Canadian sub-Arctic is hindered by sparse meteorological and snowpack data. The snow water equivalent (SWE) of the winter snowpack is a key predictor and driver of spring flow, but the use of SWE data in hydrological applications is limited due to high uncertainty. Global re-analysis datasets that provide gridded meteorological and SWE data may be well suited to improve hydrological assessment and snowpack simulation. To investigate representation of hydrological processes and SWE for application in hydropower operations, global re-analysis datasets covering 1979-2014 from the European Union FP7 eartH2Observe project are applied to global and local conceptual hydrological models. The recently developed Multi-Source Weighted-Ensemble Precipitation (MSWEP) and the WATCH Forcing Data applied to ERA-Interim data (WFDEI) are used to simulate snowpack accumulation, spring snowmelt volume and annual streamflow. The GlobSnow-2 SWE product funded by the European Space Agency with daily coverage from 1979 to 2014 is evaluated against in situ SWE measurement over the local watershed. Results demonstrate the successful application of global datasets for streamflow prediction, snowpack accumulation and snowmelt timing in a snowmelt-driven sub-Arctic watershed. The study was unable to demonstrate statistically significant correlations (p/0.05) among the measured snowpack, global hydrological model and GlobSnow-2 SWE compared to snowmelt runoff volume or peak discharge. The GlobSnow-2 product is found to under-predict late-season snowpacks over the study area and shows a premature decline of SWE prior to the true onset of the snowmelt. Of the datasets tested, the MSWEP precipitation results in annual SWE estimates that are better predictors of snowmelt volume and peak discharge than the WFDEI or GlobSnow-2. This study demonstrates the operational and scientific utility of the global re-analysis datasets in the sub-Arctic, although knowledge gaps remain in global satellite-based datasets for snowpack representation, for example the relationship between passive-microwave-measured SWE to snowmelt runoff volume.Water Resource
Improved Parameterization of Snow Albedo in WRF + Noah: Methodology Based on a Severe Snow Event on the Tibetan Plateau
No full textSnowfall and the subsequent evolution of the snowpack have a large effect on the surface energy balance and water cycle of the Tibetan Plateau (TP). The effects of snow cover can be represented by the WRF coupled with a land surface scheme. The widely used Noah scheme is computationally efficient, but its poor representation of albedo needs considerable improvement. In this study, an improved albedo scheme is developed using a satellite-retrieved albedo that takes snow depth and age into account. Numerical experiments were then conducted to simulate a severe snow event in March 2017. The performance of the coupled WRF/Noah model, which implemented the improved albedo scheme, is compared against the model’s performance using the default Noah albedo scheme and against the coupled WRF/CLM that applied CLM albedo scheme. When the improved albedo scheme is implemented, the albedo overestimation in the southeastern TP is reduced, reducing the RMSE of the air temperature by 0.7°C. The improved albedo scheme also attains the highest correlation between the satellite-derived and the model-estimated albedo, which provides for a realistic representation of both the snow water equivalent (SWE) spatial distribution in the heavy snowbelt (SWE > 6 mm) and the maximum SWE in the eastern TP. The underestimated albedo in the coupled WRF/CLM leads to underestimating the regional maximum SWE and a consequent failure to estimate SWE in the heavy snowbelt accurately. Our study demonstrates the feasibility of improving the Noah albedo scheme and provides a theoretical reference for researchers aiming to improve albedo schemes further.Green Open Access added to TU Delft Institutional Repository 'You share, we take care!' - Taverne project https://www.openaccess.nl/en/you-share-we-take-care Otherwise as indicated in the copyright section: the publisher is the copyright holder of this work and the author uses the Dutch legislation to make this work public.Optical and Laser Remote Sensin
Human trafficking and human (in)security : the role of the State of Myanmar as a security provider
No full textDissertação de mestrado em Relações InternacionaisO ser humano é confrontado com problemas de insegurança, tais como tráfico de seres humanos,
migração ilegal, pobreza, degradação ambiental, pirataria e crimes transnacionais resultantes da
globalização. A grande maioria das mulheres e jovens birmanesas são atraídas pelas redes de traficantes,
que trabalham em grupos organizados ou individualmente. As vitimas são levadas para a Tailândia e
vendidas como prostitutas. As causas e as ameaças à segurança individual são escalpelizadas em dois
tipos de insegurança: insegurança de saúde e insegurança pessoal. O presente estudo sugere ser de crucial
importância que o estado birmanês proteja ativamente os seus cidadãos de forma a colmatar as suas
falhas enquanto agente segurador. Assim, procede-se à análise das ações do estado em três níveis. A nível
nacional, socorrendo-nos de uma bordagem interligada, cujas componentes são: “liberdade do medo”,
“liberdade para viver com dignidade” e “liberdade da necessidade/desejo”. Consideramos tratar-se de um
modelo a seguir. Identificámos uma série de lacunas no enquadramento legal birmanês e a respetiva
aplicação. Importa, assim, determinar se o governo se compromete a fazer cumprir o código de conduta
dos direitos humanos. Em todo o caso, importa sublinhar que o estado parece mais envolvido com as
questões de segurança do estado do que com a segurança humana. Finalmente, de referir que a atitude
nacional para estas questões não tem grande impacto ao nível da cooperação regional e internacional da
Birmânia. Todavia, são questões passíveis de provocarem sérios constrangimentos ao nível da cooperação
bilateral, requerendo para tanto esforços mútuos.Nowadays, people of the world face with non-traditional security issues such as human trafficking,
illegal migration, poverty, environmental degradation, piracy, terrorism and transnational crime
because of the effect of globalization. The vast majority of Myanmar women and girls fall victims to
the deception of traffickers who work in organized groups or individually. They are taken across the
border to Thailand and are sold into prostitution. Causes and threats to individual security are
pointed out with regards to two types of insecurity: health insecurity and personal insecurity. The
study suggests that it is crucial and urgent that Myanmar government actively protect its citizen at its
best with the least flaws as possible. We analyze the state’s actions at three levels. At the national
level, using interconnected approach, whose components are ‘freedom from fear’, ‘freedom to live in
dignity’ and ‘freedom from want’. It is a good method to follow. A number of gaps within the
Myanmar’s legal instruments and implementing entities are found. The question is to determine
whether the government is committed itself to enforcing and abiding itself by the human rights code
of conduct. Most of the government’s actions focus upon state security other than human security.
The national distraction does not impact much upon Myanmar government’s regional and
international cooperation. The only issue arises in bilateral cooperation and the solution requires
mutual efforts
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